From: Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children
Variable/risk factor | Category | Percentage of resistancea (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | p-value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 43.6% | Ref b | Ref b | |
Girl | 37.5% | 0.77 (0.39, 1.52) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.70) | 0.48 | |
Age | < 1 year | 41.2% | Ref | Ref | |
1–2 | 44.7% | 1.16 (0.45, 2.97) | 1.39 (0.46, 4.31) | 0.56 | |
> 2 years | 35.7% | 0.79 (0.34, 1.86) | 0.92 (0.28, 3.02) | 0.89 | |
Nationality | Both parents Cypriots | 41.1% | 1.39 (0.61, 3.36) | 3.04 (0.94, 10.70) | 0.07 |
Others | 33.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Breastfeeding | Yes | 41.7% | 1.43 (0.64, 3.33) | 2.27 (0.84, 6.65) | 0.12 |
No | 33.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Exposure to smoking | Yes | 41.5% | 1.13 (0.56, 2.26) | 1.62 (0.66, 4.00) | 0.29 |
No | 38.6% | Ref | Ref | ||
Attendance at a Day care | Yes | 39.1% | 0.93 (0.47, 1.88) | 1.04 (0.39, 2.80) | 0.94 |
No | 40.7% | Ref | Ref | ||
Siblings | No | 48.8% | Ref | Ref | |
1 | 39.7% | 0.69 (0.31, 1.53) | 0.65 (0.24, 1.76) | 0.40 | |
≥2 | 30.0% | 0.44 (0.18, 1.09) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.80) c | 0.02 c | |
Vaccination | Full | 29.6% | 0.60 (0.22, 1.50) | 0.34 (0.10, 1.08) | 0.07 |
Incomplete | 44.0% | 1.12 (0.44, 2.78) | 0.66 (0.21, 2.05) | 0.48 | |
No | 41.3% | Ref | Ref | ||
Origin of specimen | From a public center | 42.7% | Ref | Ref | |
From a private center | 35.0% | 0.73 (0.36,1.43) | 0.36 (0.13,0.93) c | 0.04 c | |
Antibiotics last month | Yes | 54.5% | 2.23 (1.01, 5.01) c | 3.00 (1.15, 8.17) c | 0.02 c |
No | 35.9% | Ref | Ref | ||
Antibiotics last trimester | Yes | 51.5% | 2.66 (1.32, 5.47) c | 3.78 (1.56, 9.80) c | < 0.01 c |
No | 30.0% | Ref | Ref |