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Table 4 Risk factors associated with carriage by an erythromycin non–susceptible strain

From: Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children

Variable/risk factor

Category

Percentage of resistancea (%)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted ORd (95% CI)

p-value

Gender

Boy

43.6%

Ref b

Ref b

 

Girl

37.5%

0.77 (0.39, 1.52)

0.74 (0.32, 1.70)

0.48

Age

< 1 year

41.2%

Ref

Ref

 

1–2

44.7%

1.16 (0.45, 2.97)

1.39 (0.46, 4.31)

0.56

> 2 years

35.7%

0.79 (0.34, 1.86)

0.92 (0.28, 3.02)

0.89

Nationality

Both parents Cypriots

41.1%

1.39 (0.61, 3.36)

3.04 (0.94, 10.70)

0.07

Others

33.3%

Ref

Ref

 

Breastfeeding

Yes

41.7%

1.43 (0.64, 3.33)

2.27 (0.84, 6.65)

0.12

No

33.3%

Ref

Ref

 

Exposure to smoking

Yes

41.5%

1.13 (0.56, 2.26)

1.62 (0.66, 4.00)

0.29

No

38.6%

Ref

Ref

 

Attendance at a Day care

Yes

39.1%

0.93 (0.47, 1.88)

1.04 (0.39, 2.80)

0.94

No

40.7%

Ref

Ref

 

Siblings

No

48.8%

Ref

Ref

 

1

39.7%

0.69 (0.31, 1.53)

0.65 (0.24, 1.76)

0.40

≥2

30.0%

0.44 (0.18, 1.09)

0.25 (0.07, 0.80) c

0.02 c

Vaccination

Full

29.6%

0.60 (0.22, 1.50)

0.34 (0.10, 1.08)

0.07

Incomplete

44.0%

1.12 (0.44, 2.78)

0.66 (0.21, 2.05)

0.48

No

41.3%

Ref

Ref

 

Origin of specimen

From a public center

42.7%

Ref

Ref

 

From a private center

35.0%

0.73 (0.36,1.43)

0.36 (0.13,0.93) c

0.04 c

Antibiotics last month

Yes

54.5%

2.23 (1.01, 5.01) c

3.00 (1.15, 8.17) c

0.02 c

No

35.9%

Ref

Ref

 

Antibiotics last trimester

Yes

51.5%

2.66 (1.32, 5.47) c

3.78 (1.56, 9.80) c

< 0.01 c

No

30.0%

Ref

Ref

 
  1. aStrains with intermediate and full resistance to erythromycin are included
  2. bRef means a reference group
  3. cStatistically significant associations are marked in bold
  4. dAdjusted for gender, age, nationality, breastfeeding, exposure to smoking, day care attendance, siblings, vaccination, origin of specimen and antibiotic use the last month
  5. p-values for multiple logistic regression model