Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children

BMC Pediatrics

Table 3 Risk factors associated with colonization by a penicillin non-susceptible strain

Variable/Risk factor	Category	Percentage of resistance^a (%)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR^d (95% CI)	p-value^¶
Gender	Boy	48.7%	Ref ^b	Ref ^b
Gender	Girl	32.8%	0.51 (0.26, 1.01)	0.39 (0.16, 0.90) ^c	0.03 ^c
Age	< 1 year	44.1%	Ref	Ref
	1–2	47.4%	1.14 (0.45, 2.91)	0.89 (0.23, 2.76)	0.85
	> 2 years	37.1%	0.75 (0.33, 1.73)	0.47 (0.14, 1.55)	0.22
Nationality	Both parents Cypriots	41.1%	0.91 (0.40, 2.09)	0.93 (0.29, 3.03)	0.91
Nationality	Others	43.3%	Ref	Ref
Breastfeeding	Yes	41.7%	1.10 (0.50, 2.48)	1.36 (0.52, 3.76)	0.54
Breastfeeding	No	39.4%	Ref	Ref
Exposure to smoking	Yes	43.4%	1.16 (0.58, 2.32)	1.45 (0.59, 3.57)	0.41
Exposure to smoking	No	39.8%	Ref	Ref
Day care attendance	Yes	41.4%	1.03 (0.52, 2.06)	1.45 (0.54, 4.02)	0.47
Day care attendance	No	40.7%	Ref	Ref
Siblings	No	41.9%	Ref	Ref
	1	41.4%	0.98 (0.44, 2.19)	0.98 (0.35, 2.76)	0.97
	> = 2	40.0%	0.93 (0.38, 2.23)	0.67 (0.21, 2.06)	0.49
Vaccination	Full	29.6%	0.63 (0.23, 1.59)	0.81 (0.24, 2.63)	0.72
	Incomplete	56.0%	1.91 (0.77, 4.85)	2.55 (0.82, 8.32)	0.11
	No	40.0%	Ref	Ref
Origin of specimen	From a public center	47.6%	Ref	Ref
Origin of specimen	From a private center	33.3%	0.55 (0.27,1.09)	0.32 (0.12, 0.82) ^c	0.02 ^c
Antibiotics last month	Yes	60.6%	2.86 (1.29, 6.55) ^c	2.83 (1.09, 7.74) ^c	0.04 ^c
Antibiotics last month	No	35.0%	Ref	Ref
Antibiotics last trimester	Yes	48.5%	1.80 (0.91, 3.63)	2.24 (0.95, 5.48)	0.07
Antibiotics last trimester	No	34.3%	Ref	Ref

^aStrain with intermediate and full resistance to penicillin are included
^bRef: means a reference group
^cStatistically significant associations are marked in bold
^dAdjusted for gender, age, nationality, breastfeeding, exposure to smoking, day care attendance, siblings, vaccination, origin of specimen and antibiotic use the last month
^¶ p-values for multiple logistic regression model

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