Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children

BMC Pediatrics

Table 2 Association between potential risk factors and colonization by pneumococcal isolate

Variable/risk factor	Category	Percentage of colonized children (%)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR^d (95% CI)	p-value^¶
Gender	Boy	37.7%	Ref ^a	Ref ^a
Gender	Girl	32.8%	0.81 (0.54, 1.22)	0.91 (0.57, 1.47)	0.71
Age	< 1 year	26.2%	Ref	Ref
	1–2	30.9%	1.26 (073, 2.19)	0.93 (0.50, 1.74)	0.83
	> 2 years	47.0%	2.50 (1.52, 4.18) ^c	1.31 (0.63, 2.72)	0.47
Nationality	Both parents Cypriots	41.0%	2.27 (1.43, 3.70) ^c	2.31 (1.29, 4.21) ^c	< 0.01 ^c
Nationality	Other	23.4%	Ref	Ref
Breastfeeding	Yes	36.0%	1.09 (0.68, 1.78)	1.28 (0.73, 2.27)	0.40
Breastfeeding	No	34.0%	Ref	Ref
Exposure to smoking	Yes	37.3%	1.13 (0.74, 1.73)	1.43 (0.86, 2.40)	0.17
Exposure to smoking	No	34.5%	Ref	Ref
Day care attendance^b	Yes	51.2%	3.34 (2.18, 5.15) ^c	2.88 (1.62, 5.20) ^c	< 0.01 ^c
Day care attendance^b	No	23.9%	Ref	Ref
Siblings	No	25.6%	Ref	Ref
	1	41.4%	2.06 (1.27, 3.35) ^c	2.72 (1.55, 4.86) ^c	< 0.01 ^c
	> = 2	46.0%	2.47 (1.44, 4.29) ^c	2.78 (1.47, 5.34) ^c	< 0.01 ^c
Vaccination	Full	29.7%	0.85 (0.50, 1.43)	0.48 (0.25, 0.92) ^c	0.03 ^c
	Incomplete	47.2%	1.80 (0.98, 3.30)	1.64 (0.79, 3.38)	0.18
	No	33.2%	Ref	Ref
Origin of specimen	From a public center	34.0%	Ref	Ref
Origin of specimen	From a private center	37.7%	1.17 (0.77, 1.78)	1.05 (0.62, 1.77)	0.85

^aRef means reference group
^bIncludes children who were supervised during the morning hours by an adult who also cared for at least 3 other children
^cStatistically significant associations are marked in bold
^dAdjusted for gender, age, nationality, breastfeeding, exposure to smoking, day care attendance, siblings, vaccination and origin of specimen
^¶ p-values for multiple logistic regression model

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