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Table 5 Respiratory Health at Five to 11 Years of Age for Extremely Preterm Children Born in Norway During 1999 and 2000 at a Gestational Age < 28 Weeks or with a Birth Weight < 1000 Grams and a Regional Control Group Assembled at 11 Years of Age

From: Respiratory morbidity through the first decade of life in a national cohort of children born extremely preterm

 

All participants

Neonatal Bronchopulmonary dysplasiaa

Gestational age in weeksb

 

Cases n = 232

Controls n = 57

OR (95% CI)

Yes: n = 165

No n = 207

OR (95% CI)

≤25 n = 99

26–27 n = 188

≥28 n = 85

OR (95% CI) ≤25 vs. 26–27

OR (95% CI) 26–27 vs. ≥28

Birth to 11 years of age:

 Ever diagnosed with asthma

69 (30%)

5 (9%)

4.40 (1.69, 11.50)**

39 (35%)

30 (25%)

1.56 (0.89, 2.76)

19 (37%)

36 (30%)

14 (23%)

1.40 (0.70, 2.79)

0.72 (0.35, 1.47)

 Ever used asthma medication

110 (47%)

7 (13%)

6.31 (2.74, 14.52)***

69 (61%)

41 (35%)

2.98 (1.75, 5.09)***

31 (61%)

61 (50%)

18 (30%)

1.53 (0.78, 2.97)

0.42 (0.22, 0.81)

From five to 11 years of age:

 Wheezing

60 (26%)

7 (13%)

2.51 (1.08, 5.83)*

36 (32%)

24 (20%)

1.83 (1.01, 3.33)*

14 (28%)

36 (30%)

10 (17%)

0.88 (0.43, 1.83)

0.47 (0.21, 1.02)

 Asthma medication use

59 (27%)

3 (5%)

6.52 (1.96, 21.65)**

35 (34%)

24 (21%)

1.97 (1.08, 3.62)*

14 (30%)

34 (30%)

11 (19%)

1.03 (0.49, 2.17)

0.54 (0.25, 1.16)

  Inhaled corticosteroids

45 (21%)

3 (6%)

4.51 (1.35, 15.11)*

30 (29%)

15 (13%)

2.68 (1.34, 5.33)**

9 (19%)

29 (26%)

7 (12%)

0.67 (0.29, 1.55)

0.41 (0.17, 0.99)*

  Others

49 (22%)

3 (6%)

4.94 (1.48, 16.50)**

30 (29%)

19 (16%)

2.09 (1.09, 4.00)*

13 (28%)

28 (24%)

8 (14%)

1.25 (0.58, 2.70)

0.51 (0.22, 1.20)

 LRTI treated with antibiotics

34 (15%)

2 (4%)

4.75 (1.11, 20.38)*

18 (16%)

16 (14%)

1.14 (0.55, 2.33)

9 (18%)

18 (15%)

8 (13%)

1.23 (0.51, 2.95)

0.88 (0.36, 2.16)

Last 12 months at 11 years of age

 Wheezing

37 (16%)

5 (9%)

1.97 (0.74, 5.27)

19 (17%)

18 (15%)

1.13 (0.56, 2.29)

10 (20%)

20 (17%)

7 (12%)

1.23 (0.53, 2.86)

0.67 (0.27, 1.68)

 Number of attacks

   None

199 (86%)

52 (91%)

P = 0.511

97 (86%)

102 (86%)

P = 0.929

42 (82%)

104 (86%)

53 (88%)

P = 0.675

P = 0.776

   1–3

18 (8%)

3 (5%)

 

10 (9%)

8 (7%)

 

4 (8%)

10 (8%)

4 (7%)

  

   4–12

7 (3%)

0 (0%)

 

3 (3%)

4 (3%)

 

3 (6%)

2 (2%)

2 (3%)

  

    > 12

5 (2%)

2 (4%)

 

2(2%)

3 (3%)

 

1 (2%)

3 (3%)

1 (2%)

  

   All the time

3 (1%)

0 (0%)

 

1 (1%)

2 (2%)

 

1 (2%)

2 (2%)

0 (0%)

  

 Wheeze on exercise

41 (18%)

3 (5%)

3.86 (1.15, 12.97)*

23 (20%)

18 (15%)

1.43 (0.73, 2.83)

11 (22%)

21 (17%)

9 (15%)

1.31 (0.58, 2.96)

0.84 (0.36, 1.97)

 Problem speaking due to wheezing

2 (1%)

0 (0%)

NC

0 (0%)

2 (2%)

NC

0 (0%)

1 (1%)

1 (2%)

NC

2.03 (0.13, 33.11)

 Dry cough at night

37 (16%)

4 (7%)

2.48 (0.85, 7.27)

18 (16%)

19 (16%)

1.01 (0.50, 2.04)

13 (26%)

17 (14%)

7 (12%)

2.15 (0.95, 4.85)

0.81 (0.32, 2.07)

 Ever awakened due to wheezing

16 (7%)

1 (2%)

4.15 (0.54, 31.95)

8 (7%)

8 (7%)

1.06 (0.38, 2.92)

5 (10%)

8 (7%)

3 (5%)

1.54 (0.48, 4.94)

0.74 (0.19, 2.91)

 LRTI treated with antibiotics

5 (2%)

1 (2%)

1.24 (0.14, 10.87)

1 (1%)

4 (3%)

0.26 (0.023, 2.33)

1 (2%)

3 (3%)

1 (2%)

0.80 (0.081, 7.84)

0.66 (0.067, 6.49)

Currently at 11 years of age

 Current asthma (criteria-based)c

36 (16%)

4 (7%)

2.43 (0.83, 7.14)

22 (20%)

14 (12%)

1.81 (0.88, 3.75)

12 (24%)

17 (14%)

7 (12%)

1.88 (0.82, 4.30)

0.81 (0.32, 2.07)

 Severe asthma (criteria-based)d

18 (8%)

2 (4%)

2.31 (0.52, 10.27)

7 (6%)

11 (9%)

0.65 (0.24, 1.74)

6 (12%)

8 (7%)

4 (7%)

1.88 (0.62, 5.73)

1.01 (0.29, 3.49)

 Asthma medication use

34 (15%)

3 (5%)

3.09 (0.91, 10.45)

22 (20%)

12 (10%)

2.16 (1.01, 4.60)*

10 (20%)

18 (15%)

6 (10%)

1.40 (0.59, 3.28)

0.64 (0.24, 1.70)

  Inhaled corticosteroids

21 (9%)

3 (5%)

1.81 (0.52, 6.29)

15 (13%)

6 (5%)

2.89 (1.08, 7.73)*

5 (10%)

13 (11%)

3 (5%)

0.92 (0.31, 2.74)

0.44 (0.12, 1.63)

  Bronchodilators

25 (11%)

3 (5%)

2.21 (0.64, 7.58)

16 (14%)

8 (5%)

2.04 (0.86, 4.83)

9 (18%)

11 (9%)

5 (9%)

2.18 (0.84, 5.63)

0.92 (0.30, 2.77)

  Singulair

7 (3%)

0 (0%)

NC

4 (4%)

3 (3%)

1.43 (0.31, 6.55)

2 (4%)

4 (3%)

1 (2%)

1.20 (0.21, 6.82)

0.50 (0.055, 4.58)

  1. Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, LRTI Lower respiratory tract infection, NC non-calculable
  2. aDefined as assisted ventilation or oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks postmenstrual age
  3. bFor analysis regarding gestational age, the fraction born at 26–27 weeks were selected as the reference category (those with gestational age ≥ 28 weeks had birth weights < 1000 grams)
  4. cDefined by either (1) a doctor’s diagnosis of asthma combined with either respiratory symptoms or use of asthma medication in the previous 12 months, or (2) asthma medication and symptoms in the past 12 months even if no recall of prior doctor’s diagnosis
  5. dDefined by four or more episodes of wheezing, or sleep disturbances (awakened more than once a week), or problems of speaking due to wheezing reported during the past 12 months (14)
  6. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001. Boldface denotes significant group differences
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