Metabolic correlates of health-related quality of life among overweight and obese adolescents

Table 4 Linear regression estimates for PedsQL scores according to multivariate models

	Total score		Physical		Psychosocial		Emotional		Social		School
	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t
Model 1	R² = 0.106		R² = 0.156		R² = 0.077		R² = 0.061		R² = 0.085		R² = 0.071
BMI z-score	−.28*	−2.43	−.33**	−2.89	−.25*	−2.09	−.17	−1.44	−.20	−1.70	−.26*	− 2.23
Model 2	R² = 0.197		R² = 0.315		R² = 0.146		R² = 0.137		R² = 0.142		R² = 0.071
BMI z-score	−.21	−1.82	−.33**	−2.80	−.18	− 1.56	−.10	− 0.88	−.14	− 1.20	−.26*	− 2.23
ALT	−.31**	− 2.74	−.38**	−3.54	−.27*	− 2.31	−.29*	− 2.41	−.25*	−2.10
HDL cholesterol	n.s.		−.21	−1.76	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
Model 3	R² = 0.197		R² = 0.346		R² = 0.146		R² = 0.137		R² = 0.142		R² = 0.071
BMI z-score	−.21	−1.82	−.26*	−2.12	−.18	−1.56	−.11	−0.95	−.14	− 1.20	−.26*	− 2.23
ALT	−.31**	−2.74	−.39***	−3.67	−.27*	− 2.31	−.29*	− 2.41	−.25*	−2.10	n.s.
HDL cholesterol	n.s.		−.21	−1.79	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
Moderate-to-vigorous PA	n.s.		.20	1.76	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
Model 4	R² = .260		R² = .383		R² = .208		R² = .184		R² = .201		R² = 0.071
BMI z-score	−.40**	−2.84	−55***	−3.78	−.37**	−2.59	−.27	−1.83	−.32*	− 2.20	−.26*	−2.23
ALT	−.77**	−3.23	−.83***	−3.72	−.74**	−2.99	−.70*	−2.80	−.68**	− 2.73	n.s.
HDL cholesterol	n.s.		−.26*	−2.29	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
Moderate-to-vigorous PA	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
BMI z-score x ALT	.59*	2.19	.58*	2.32	.60*	2.15	.53	1.87	.57	1.99	n.s.
BMI z-score x HDL cholesterol	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.
BMI z-score x Moderate-to-vigorous PA	n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.		n.s.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01;***p < 0.001
Model 1 included only BMI z-score and age in the analysis. Model 2 added metabolic factors with stepwise methods in the analysis. Model 3 added metabolic and lifestyle factors with stepwise methods in the analysis
Model 4 further included three interaction terms between BMI z-score and ALT, HDL cholesterol and moderate-to-vigorous PA with stepwise methods in the analysis
PedsQL represents the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0, BMI body mass index, ALT alanine aminotransferase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, PA physical activity, n.s., not significant