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Table 1 Risk factors for LLE in twins at age 2

From: Prenatal and perinatal risks for late language emergence in a population-level sample of twins at age 2

 

LLE

(n = 358)

NLE

(n = 588)

Bivariate

Multivariable

(N = 894)

Characteristic

N (%)

N (%)

OR [95% CI]

aOR [95% CI]

Maternal

Maternal age

 <=20)

5 (1.4%)

13 (2.2%)

0.1 [0, 12]

0.6 [0.0, 68.8]

 21-25

32 (8.9%)

52 (8.8%)

0.7 [0.1, 5.3]

0.7 [0.1, 7.2]

 26-30

120 (33.5%)

170 (28.9%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 31-35

133 (37.2%)

219 (37.2%)

0.6 [0.2, 2.4]

0.7 [0.2, 2.8]

 36-40

63 (17.6%)

123 (20.9%)

0.4 [0.1, 1.8]

0.4 [0.1, 2.2]

 >40

5 (1.4%)

11 (1.9%)

0.3 [0.0, 22.2]

0.4 [0.0, 62.4]

Maternal education

 <12 years

73 (20.4%)

123 (21%)

2.6 [0.5, 12.3]

0.7 [0.1, 4.3]

 12 years

97 (27.1%)

107 (18.3%)

9.6 [2.0, 45.7]**

3.4 [0.6, 19.7]

 Post school study

23 (6.4%)

55 (9.4%)

0.9 [0.1, 0 8]

2.5 [0.2, 28.5]

 Trade certificate

78 (21.8%)

104 (17.7%)

5.2 [1.0, 26.1]*

2.3 [0.4, 13.9]

 Completed post school qualification

87 (24.3%)

197 (33.6%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

Mother’s country of birth

 Australia

288 (80.4%)

440 (74.8%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 NZ+UK

33 (9.2%)

69 (11.7%)

0.3 [0.1, 2.2]

0.5 [0.1, 4.0]

 Not known

21 (5.9%)

33 (5.6%)

0.9 [0.1, 9.7]

0.6 [0.0, 17.2]

 Other

16 (4.5%)

46 (7.8%)

0.1 [0.0, 1.6]

0.1 [0.0, 1.7]

Marital status

 Married

336 (96.6%)

556 (96.5%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Single, widowed, divorced

12 (3.4%)

20 (3.5%)

1 [0.0, 21.2]

2.6 [0.1, 77.1]

Income

 $200 to $399 per week

10 (2.8%)

22 (3.7%)

0.8 [0.0, 26.8]

0.3 [0.0, 21.1]

 $400 to $599 per week

25 (7%)

59 (10%)

0.8 [0.1, 8.8]

0.4 [0.0, 5.7]

 $600 $799 per week

50 (14%)

90 (15.3%)

1.8 [0.2, 14.2]

1.2 [0.1, 12.6]

 $800 to $999 per week

58 (16.2%)

62 (10.5%)

8.9 [1.0, 76.8]*

6.5 [0.6, 73.0]

 $1,000 to $1,499 per week

87 (24.3%)

161 (27.4%)

1.6 [0.2, 10.1]

1.7 [0.2, 13.7]

 $1,500 to $1,999 per week

62 (17.3%)

82 (13.9%)

4.4 [0.6, 35.3]

4.9 [0.5, 47.8]

 $2,000 to $2,400 or more per week

40 (11.2%)

86 (14.6%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Not stated

26 (7.3%)

26 (4.4%)

11 [0.7, 172.7]

13.1 [0.6, 277.2]

Socio-economic area disadvantagea

 <15th percentile of sample

62 (17.3%)

82 (13.9%)

2.2 [0.5, 10.4]

1.7 [0.3, 8.9]

 >15th percentile of the sample

296 (82.7%)

506 (86.1%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

Parity

 0

91 (26.1%)

229 (39.8%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 1

133 (38.2%)

179 (31.1%)

7.4 [1.8, 29.4]**

7.6 [1.6, 37.5]**

 >2

124 (35.6%)

168 (29.2%)

7.2 [1.8, 29.3]**

7.9 [1.5, 41.9]**

Height

 lowest tercile

122 (34.1%)

176 (29.9%)

1.5 [0.4, 5.9]

0.8 [0.2, 3.6]

 middle tercile

122 (34.1%)

226 (38.4%)

0.7 [0.2, 2.6]

0.6 [0.1, 2.6]

 highest tercile

114 (31.8%)

186 (31.6%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

Pregnancy

Threatened abortion

 No

329 (91.9%)

547 (93%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

29 (8.1%)

41 (7%)

1.7 [0.2, 13.7]

1.3 [0.1, 14.1]

Pre-eclampsia

 No

306 (85.5%)

490 (83.3%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

52 (14.5%)

98 (16.7%)

0.6 [0.1, 2.8]

0.6 [0.1, 3.0]

Placenta praeviab

 No

354 (98.9%)

588 (100%)

  

 Yes

4 (1.1%)

0 (0%)

  

Abruptionb

 No

355 (99.2%)

587 (99.8%)

  

 Yes

3 (0.8%)

1 (0.2%)

  

APH

 No

346 (96.6%)

568 (96.6%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

12 (3.4%)

20 (3.4%)

1 [0.0, 20.4]

1 [0.0, 26.4]

Other pregnancy complications

 None

321 (89.7%)

547 (93%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Other pregnancy complications

37 (10.3%)

41 (7%)

4 [0.5, 28.9]

5.4 [0.6, 45.3]

Gestational Diabetes

 None

333 (93%)

567 (96.4%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Diabetes

25 (7%)

21 (3.6%)

9.6 [0.8, 122.2]

19.5 [1.2, 313.1]*

Fertility treatments

 No

287 (82.5%)

421 (73.3%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

61 (17.5%)

153 (26.7%)

0.2 [0.0, 0.8]*

0.5 [0.1, 2.4]

Threatened preterm labour

 None

322 (89.9%)

546 (92.9%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Threatened preterm labour

36 (10.1%)

42 (7.1%)

3.3 [0.4, 24.2]

2.5 [0.3, 21.4]

Precipitate deliveryb

 None

349 (97.5%)

585 (99.5%)

  

 Yes

9 (2.5%)

3 (0.5%)

  

Fetal distress

 None

317 (88.5%)

531 (90.3%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Fetal distress

41 (11.5%)

57 (9.7%)

1.2 [0.2, 6.3]

0.6 [0.1 , 3.6]

Cephalopelvic disproportionb

 None

356 (99.4%)

586 (99.7%)

  

 Cephalopelvic disproportion

2 (0.6%)

2 (0.3%)

  

Prolapsed cordb

 None

356 (99.4%)

581 (98.8%)

  

 Prolapsed cord

2 (0.6%)

7 (1.2%)

  

PPH >500mls

 No

287 (80.2%)

483 (82.1%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

71 (19.8%)

105 (17.9%)

1.5 [0.4, 6.2]

1.7 [0.4, 8.4]

Infant

Genderc

 Male

173 (48.3%)

281 (47.8%)

  

 Female

185 (51.7%)

307 (52.2%)

  

Zygosity

 DZ

204 (57%)

422 (71.8%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 MZ

154 (43%)

166 (28.2%)

7.4 [2.3, 24]***

6.9 [1.7, 27.9]**

Birth order

 First-born twin

179 (50%)

294 (50%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Second-born twin

179 (50%)

294 (50%)

1 [0.6, 1.6]

0.9 [0.5, 1.5]

Apgar 5-minutes <7b

 No

341 (98%)

574 (99.7%)

  

 Yes

7 (2%)

2 (0.3%)

  

 Total

348 (100%)

576 (100%)

  

TSR > 2 minutes

 No

311 (92.3%)

542 (96.6%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 Yes

26 (7.7%)

19 (3.4%)

13.4 [2.3, 77.7]**

13.6 [2.0, 91.1]**

Intubationb

 No

337 (96.8%)

561 (97.4%)

  

 Yes

11 (3.2%)

15 (2.6%)

  

Estimated gestational age

 >34 weeks)

281 (80.7%)

489 (84.9%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 <34weeks

67 (19.3%)

87 (15.1%)

2.6 [0.6, 11.5]

3.2 [0.6, 17.3]

POBW

 normal

275 (79%)

510 (88.5%)

1.0 [referent]

1.0 [referent]

 <15th percentile of sample

73 (21%)

66 (11.5%)

6.6 [2.4, 18.1]***

4.6 [1.7, 12.7]**

  1. a= defined as bottom 15% of study sample; b= excluded from logistic estimate due to small n.; c = excluded from logistic estimate as gender is taken into account when defining language delay.
  2. *P , .05. **P , .01. ***P , .001.