Table 1 Risk factors for LLE in twins at age 2
LLE (n = 358) | NLE (n = 588) | Bivariate | Multivariable (N = 894) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | N (%) | N (%) | OR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] |
Maternal | ||||
Maternal age | ||||
<=20) | 5 (1.4%) | 13 (2.2%) | 0.1 [0, 12] | 0.6 [0.0, 68.8] |
21-25 | 32 (8.9%) | 52 (8.8%) | 0.7 [0.1, 5.3] | 0.7 [0.1, 7.2] |
26-30 | 120 (33.5%) | 170 (28.9%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
31-35 | 133 (37.2%) | 219 (37.2%) | 0.6 [0.2, 2.4] | 0.7 [0.2, 2.8] |
36-40 | 63 (17.6%) | 123 (20.9%) | 0.4 [0.1, 1.8] | 0.4 [0.1, 2.2] |
>40 | 5 (1.4%) | 11 (1.9%) | 0.3 [0.0, 22.2] | 0.4 [0.0, 62.4] |
Maternal education | ||||
<12 years | 73 (20.4%) | 123 (21%) | 2.6 [0.5, 12.3] | 0.7 [0.1, 4.3] |
12 years | 97 (27.1%) | 107 (18.3%) | 9.6 [2.0, 45.7]** | 3.4 [0.6, 19.7] |
Post school study | 23 (6.4%) | 55 (9.4%) | 0.9 [0.1, 0 8] | 2.5 [0.2, 28.5] |
Trade certificate | 78 (21.8%) | 104 (17.7%) | 5.2 [1.0, 26.1]* | 2.3 [0.4, 13.9] |
Completed post school qualification | 87 (24.3%) | 197 (33.6%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Mother’s country of birth | ||||
Australia | 288 (80.4%) | 440 (74.8%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
NZ+UK | 33 (9.2%) | 69 (11.7%) | 0.3 [0.1, 2.2] | 0.5 [0.1, 4.0] |
Not known | 21 (5.9%) | 33 (5.6%) | 0.9 [0.1, 9.7] | 0.6 [0.0, 17.2] |
Other | 16 (4.5%) | 46 (7.8%) | 0.1 [0.0, 1.6] | 0.1 [0.0, 1.7] |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 336 (96.6%) | 556 (96.5%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Single, widowed, divorced | 12 (3.4%) | 20 (3.5%) | 1 [0.0, 21.2] | 2.6 [0.1, 77.1] |
Income | ||||
$200 to $399 per week | 10 (2.8%) | 22 (3.7%) | 0.8 [0.0, 26.8] | 0.3 [0.0, 21.1] |
$400 to $599 per week | 25 (7%) | 59 (10%) | 0.8 [0.1, 8.8] | 0.4 [0.0, 5.7] |
$600 $799 per week | 50 (14%) | 90 (15.3%) | 1.8 [0.2, 14.2] | 1.2 [0.1, 12.6] |
$800 to $999 per week | 58 (16.2%) | 62 (10.5%) | 8.9 [1.0, 76.8]* | 6.5 [0.6, 73.0] |
$1,000 to $1,499 per week | 87 (24.3%) | 161 (27.4%) | 1.6 [0.2, 10.1] | 1.7 [0.2, 13.7] |
$1,500 to $1,999 per week | 62 (17.3%) | 82 (13.9%) | 4.4 [0.6, 35.3] | 4.9 [0.5, 47.8] |
$2,000 to $2,400 or more per week | 40 (11.2%) | 86 (14.6%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Not stated | 26 (7.3%) | 26 (4.4%) | 11 [0.7, 172.7] | 13.1 [0.6, 277.2] |
Socio-economic area disadvantagea | ||||
<15th percentile of sample | 62 (17.3%) | 82 (13.9%) | 2.2 [0.5, 10.4] | 1.7 [0.3, 8.9] |
>15th percentile of the sample | 296 (82.7%) | 506 (86.1%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Parity | ||||
0 | 91 (26.1%) | 229 (39.8%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
1 | 133 (38.2%) | 179 (31.1%) | 7.4 [1.8, 29.4]** | 7.6 [1.6, 37.5]** |
>2 | 124 (35.6%) | 168 (29.2%) | 7.2 [1.8, 29.3]** | 7.9 [1.5, 41.9]** |
Height | ||||
lowest tercile | 122 (34.1%) | 176 (29.9%) | 1.5 [0.4, 5.9] | 0.8 [0.2, 3.6] |
middle tercile | 122 (34.1%) | 226 (38.4%) | 0.7 [0.2, 2.6] | 0.6 [0.1, 2.6] |
highest tercile | 114 (31.8%) | 186 (31.6%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Pregnancy | ||||
Threatened abortion | ||||
No | 329 (91.9%) | 547 (93%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 29 (8.1%) | 41 (7%) | 1.7 [0.2, 13.7] | 1.3 [0.1, 14.1] |
Pre-eclampsia | ||||
No | 306 (85.5%) | 490 (83.3%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 52 (14.5%) | 98 (16.7%) | 0.6 [0.1, 2.8] | 0.6 [0.1, 3.0] |
Placenta praeviab | ||||
No | 354 (98.9%) | 588 (100%) | ||
Yes | 4 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | ||
Abruptionb | ||||
No | 355 (99.2%) | 587 (99.8%) | ||
Yes | 3 (0.8%) | 1 (0.2%) | ||
APH | ||||
No | 346 (96.6%) | 568 (96.6%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 12 (3.4%) | 20 (3.4%) | 1 [0.0, 20.4] | 1 [0.0, 26.4] |
Other pregnancy complications | ||||
None | 321 (89.7%) | 547 (93%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Other pregnancy complications | 37 (10.3%) | 41 (7%) | 4 [0.5, 28.9] | 5.4 [0.6, 45.3] |
Gestational Diabetes | ||||
None | 333 (93%) | 567 (96.4%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Diabetes | 25 (7%) | 21 (3.6%) | 9.6 [0.8, 122.2] | 19.5 [1.2, 313.1]* |
Fertility treatments | ||||
No | 287 (82.5%) | 421 (73.3%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 61 (17.5%) | 153 (26.7%) | 0.2 [0.0, 0.8]* | 0.5 [0.1, 2.4] |
Threatened preterm labour | ||||
None | 322 (89.9%) | 546 (92.9%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Threatened preterm labour | 36 (10.1%) | 42 (7.1%) | 3.3 [0.4, 24.2] | 2.5 [0.3, 21.4] |
Precipitate deliveryb | ||||
None | 349 (97.5%) | 585 (99.5%) | ||
Yes | 9 (2.5%) | 3 (0.5%) | ||
Fetal distress | ||||
None | 317 (88.5%) | 531 (90.3%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Fetal distress | 41 (11.5%) | 57 (9.7%) | 1.2 [0.2, 6.3] | 0.6 [0.1 , 3.6] |
Cephalopelvic disproportionb | ||||
None | 356 (99.4%) | 586 (99.7%) | ||
Cephalopelvic disproportion | 2 (0.6%) | 2 (0.3%) | ||
Prolapsed cordb | ||||
None | 356 (99.4%) | 581 (98.8%) | ||
Prolapsed cord | 2 (0.6%) | 7 (1.2%) | ||
PPH >500mls | ||||
No | 287 (80.2%) | 483 (82.1%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 71 (19.8%) | 105 (17.9%) | 1.5 [0.4, 6.2] | 1.7 [0.4, 8.4] |
Infant | ||||
Genderc | ||||
Male | 173 (48.3%) | 281 (47.8%) | ||
Female | 185 (51.7%) | 307 (52.2%) | ||
Zygosity | ||||
DZ | 204 (57%) | 422 (71.8%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
MZ | 154 (43%) | 166 (28.2%) | 7.4 [2.3, 24]*** | 6.9 [1.7, 27.9]** |
Birth order | ||||
First-born twin | 179 (50%) | 294 (50%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Second-born twin | 179 (50%) | 294 (50%) | 1 [0.6, 1.6] | 0.9 [0.5, 1.5] |
Apgar 5-minutes <7b | ||||
No | 341 (98%) | 574 (99.7%) | ||
Yes | 7 (2%) | 2 (0.3%) | ||
Total | 348 (100%) | 576 (100%) | ||
TSR > 2 minutes | ||||
No | 311 (92.3%) | 542 (96.6%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
Yes | 26 (7.7%) | 19 (3.4%) | 13.4 [2.3, 77.7]** | 13.6 [2.0, 91.1]** |
Intubationb | ||||
No | 337 (96.8%) | 561 (97.4%) | ||
Yes | 11 (3.2%) | 15 (2.6%) | ||
Estimated gestational age | ||||
>34 weeks) | 281 (80.7%) | 489 (84.9%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
<34weeks | 67 (19.3%) | 87 (15.1%) | 2.6 [0.6, 11.5] | 3.2 [0.6, 17.3] |
POBW | ||||
normal | 275 (79%) | 510 (88.5%) | 1.0 [referent] | 1.0 [referent] |
<15th percentile of sample | 73 (21%) | 66 (11.5%) | 6.6 [2.4, 18.1]*** | 4.6 [1.7, 12.7]** |