Table 1 Comparison of anthropometric parameters between overweight/obese male adolescents at baseline and after a 12-week exercise program with lean adolescents (n = 108)

Height (cm)

170.62 ± 5.79

172.61 ± 3.99

0.037

–

–

–

Weight (kg)

61.94 ± 5.93

83.21 ± 6.12

< 0.001

78.77 ± 7.6

< 0.001

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

21.24 ± 1.31

27.9 ± 1.39

< 0.001

26.66 ± 2.12

< 0.001

< 0.001

Waist line (cm)

73.26 ± 4.53

90.61 ± 5.12

< 0.001

87.13 ± 5.36

< 0.001

< 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

91.32 ± 3.65

105.78 ± 3.64

< 0.001

104.26 ± 4.54

< 0.001

0.002

W/H ratio

0.80 ± 0.03

0.86 ± 0.04

< 0.001

0.84 ± 0.03

< 0.001

< 0.001

BFP (%)

14.41 ± 4.36

25.14 ± 3.45

< 0.001

18.04 ± 5.06

< 0.001

< 0.001

BFM (kg)

9.06 ± 3.16

20.62 ± 3.95

< 0.001

14.37 ± 4.70

< 0.001

< 0.001

Lean mass (kg)

53.53 ± 4.74

62.36 ± 5.04

< 0.001

64.21 ± 5.52

< 0.001

0.097

Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)

4.37 ± 0.42

5.00 ± 0.41

< 0.001

4.58 ± 0.38

0.008

< 0.001

Fasting serum insulin (μIU/mL)

4.51 ± 2.15

7.58 ± 4.17

< 0.001

4.70 ± 2.32

0.676

< 0.001

Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance

0.74 (0.62, 1.08)

1.40 (0.93, 2.31)

< 0.001

0.86 (0.58, 1.36)

0.293

< 0.001

Total insulin release (InsAUC_0–120) (μIU/mM)

–

4.65 (3.03, 6.01)

–

3.57 (2.84, 4.52)

–

< 0.001

Early-phase insulin release (μIU/mM)

–

8.62 (5.24, 12.25)

–

11.40 (6.76, 16.27)

–

0.008

Disposition index

–

5.84 (2.84, 9.67)

–

12.77 (7.27, 23.23)

–

< 0.001

Matsuda/Defronzo index

–

6.91 (1.87, 14.25)

–

12.55 (3.17, 22.54)

< 0.001