From: Barriers to voluntary participation in sport for children: a systematic review
Author & Year | Research Aim | Method | Sample | Country | Age (Years) or School Grade | Sport | Socioeconomic info | Barriers Identified | Negative causaul/association relationship |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armentrout 2011 [51] | To establish a clear and specific understanding of organisational barriers and personal reasons that may lead youth to discontinue sport participation and to determine changes that could be made to lead to continued involvement. | Survey open ended questions | 237 parents/guardians of children who had been youth hockey players | USA Minnesota | 4–17 | Ice Hockey Outside school | NR | Lack of time Cost too high Location too far Availability of ice rink Politics affecting participation Lack of enjoyment Lack of interest | Causal |
Azzarito 2013 [37] | To explore the geographical dimensions of ethnic-minority girls‟ moving bodies as manifested in relevant spaces and places of their daily lives | Visual ethnography with 2 interviews | 20 females | United Kingdom Midlands | 14–15 | PE Inside School | 19 ethnic minority F, 1 white F | Fear of humiliation Self-consciousness Competitiveness Negative appraisal Conformity | Association |
Barnett 2013 [38] | To explore adolescents’ perception of the relationship between movement skills, PA and sport, and whether their perceptions differed according to extent of participation in organised PA. | Focus groups | 33 17 (52%) M 16 (48%) F | Australia | 16–18 | General Outside school | 99% below average Australian socioeconomic status | Not being good at sport Cost too high Lack of time No Encouragement Lack of resources Fear of being judged | Causal |
Basterfield 2016 [54] | To investigate how perceived barriers to participation in school and outside school sports club change in the same cohort over 3 years. Three main hypothesis were tested: 1. Perceived barriers will change from 9 to 12 years, 2. Overweight children will perceive different barriers to children of healthy weight, 3.girls will perceive different barriers than boys | Survey with open ended questions | 441,210 (48%) M 231 (52%) | England | 9 and 12 years | General | Socioeconomically representative of Northern England | Cost too high Distance to training Lack of facility Lack of time Being shy Doesn’t like being a teacher Doesn’t like strangers Being bullied Lack of skill Fear of getting hurt Fear of making a mistake | Causal |
Dismore 2010 [36] | To investigate children’s attitudes toward PE and school sport?, | Interview | 10 5 M 5 F | United Kingdom | Year 7 | PE Inside School | Mixed state and grammar schools | Conforming to social groups Lack of access to (good) equipment School PE curriculum | Causal |
Eimear Enright 2010 [40] | To investigate what a negotiated PE curriculum process looks like, and how students’ increased involvement in curricular decision-making impacts on their engagement with physical education | Participatory action research | 41 F | Ireland | 14–19 | PE | NR | Lack of voice and choice | Causal |
Eime 2010 [39] | To use the socioecological model to investigate the broad range of factors which individually and interactively affect participation in sport and PA for currently active rural girls. | Focus groups | 27 F | Australia | 16 to 17 | General | Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas index scores 913–1034 | Lack of enjoyment Lack of time Lack of confidence Self-conscious Lack of motor skills Willingness of parents to travel Limited community support Lack of opportunity Limited sporting ability Distance | Causal |
Fisette 2013 [41] | To explore girls’ self-identified barriers to theirengagement in and enjoyment of PE. | Focus groups and interviews | 7 F | USA | 14–15 | General | Middle class | Boys dominating sport Conforming to gender stereotype Risk of embarrassment | Causal |
Holt 2011 [42] | To examine low-income parents’ and their children’s perceptions of the benefits associated with participation in youth sport. | Interviews | 17 parents, 18 children 2 Fathers, 15 Mothers 11 (61%) M 7 (39%) F | Canada | Mean age 12.5 | General Outside school | Lowest socioeconomic status bracket in receipt of specific funding to support child’s participation in sports | Cost (in addition to training) Lack of time Transport | Association |
Kimm 2006 [52] | To identify barriers to activity participation during adolescence in a biracial cohort of sedentary girls | Questionnaire | 2379 F | USA | 9–19 | General | NR | Lack of time Tiredness No one to go with Embarrassment May get hurt Medical condition Being bad at sport | Causal |
Oliver 2009 [43] | To understand 5th-grade girls’ self-identified barriers to physical activity and ways of negotiating those barriers | Feminist active research | 11 F | USA | 10–11 | General Inside school | 96% and 81% in each school were economically disadvantaged | Conforming to gender stereotype Boys domination of sport space Boys attitudes to girls in sport | Causal |
Quarmby 2011 [55] | To explore psychosocial and environmental factors that contributed to children’s participation in physical and sedentary activities. | Survey & Semi structured interviews | 381 (30 from this participated in interviews) | United Kingdom Midlands | 11–14 | General | NR | Family (single parents, step parents, married parents etc.) | Causal |
Stanley 2012 [44] | To explore children’s perceptions of the factors influencing their engagement in PA during the lunchtime period, | Focus groups | 54 23 (43%) M 31 (57%) F | South Australia | 10–13 | General Inside school | Range purposefully sampled, 20% low socioeconomic background | Access to space Perceived competence Suitability of space Lack of time Weather Cost too high Dislike of uniform | Causal |
Totaro Garcia 2011 [45] | To identify the physical activity characteristics of adolescents attending thePhysical Education service of CAAA, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, | Interview Data | 118 51 (43%) M 67 (57%) F | Brazil | 10–19 | General Inside school | NR | Lack of support (situational) Personal Lack of resources (finance and material) | Causal |
Wetton 2013 [53] | To gain a greater understanding of these issues which may help, in the future, to develop interventions to increasing team sports participation in girls. | Survey / semi-structured interview | 60 F | United Kingdom Midlands | 15–16 | General Inside and outside school | NR | Conforming to stereotypes Time Bad experience in PE Teacher not supportive Lack of ability Peer disapproval Other hobbies Gender Stereotype | Causal |