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Table 1 Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health status characteristics by tertile of grip strength in schoolchildren aged 9-14 (N = 350)

From: Relationship between muscle strength and dyslipidemia, serum 25(OH)D, and weight status among diverse schoolchildren: a cross-sectional analysis

 

Tertiles of grip strength

Low (N = 116)

Moderate (N = 117)

High (N = 117)

p value

Grip strength (kg)a

−0.95 (− 1.32, − 0.66)

−0.02 (− 0.23, 0.15)

1.04 (0.67, 1.36)

 

Sex

 Male

60 (51.7)

61 (52.1)

56 (47.9)

0.77

 Female

56 (48.3)

56 (47.9)

61 (52.1)

Age (y)

11.4 ± 1.3

11.1 ± 1.3

11.2 ± 1.3

0.12

Race/ethnicity

 White/Caucasian

48 (41.4)

51 (43.6)

54 (46.2)

0.64

 Black/African American

13 (11.2)

15 (12.8)

22 (18.8)

 Hispanic/Latino

27 (23.3)

28 (23.9)

19 (16.2)

 Asian

7 (6.0)

7 (6.0)

6 (5.1)

 Multiracial/Other

21 (18.1)

16 (13.7)

16 (13.7)

Pubertal statusb

 Pre-puberty/early puberty

80 (69.0)

78 (66.7)

75 (64.1)

0.73

 Late puberty/post-puberty

36 (31.0)

39 (33.3)

42 (35.9)

Free/reduced price lunch

 Yes

75 (64.7)

84 (71.8)

75 (64.1)

0.38

 No

41 (35.3)

33 (28.2)

42 (35.9)

Sedentary timec

    

  < 2 h/day

43 (37.4)

48 (41.0)

53 (45.7)

0.44

  ≥ 2 h/day

72 (62.6)

69 (59.0)

63 (54.3)

Weight (kg)

63.3 ± 18.4

47.0 ± 11.0

42.8 ± 10.2

< 0.0001

Height (cm)

155 ± 11.7

149 ± 9.4

150 ± 11.2

< 0.0001

BMIz d

1.7 (1.3, 2.2)

0.9 (0.4, 1.4)

0.2 (−0.3, 0.8)

< 0.0001

Weight Status

 Normal weight

17 (14.7)

67 (57.3)

96 (82.1)

< 0.0001

 Overweight/obese

99 (85.3)

50 (42.7)

21 (18.0)

HDL-C (mg/dL)

45.3 ± 11.4

50.9 ± 12.6

50.7 ± 9.6

0.0001

HDL-C statuse

 Borderline/low

65 (56.0)

49 (41.9)

30 (25.6)

< 0.0001

 Normal

51 (44.0)

68 (58.1)

87 (74.4)

Triglycerides (mg/dL)d

69.0 (52.0, 96.5)

63.0 (47.0, 90.0)

62.0 (49.0, 77.0)

0.07

Triglyceride statusf

 Normal

80 (69.0)

86 (73.5)

96 (82.1)

0.06

 Borderline/high

36 (31.0)

31 (26.5)

21 (18.0)

Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)

21.9 ± 6.8

22.1 ± 6.1

22.6 ± 6.7

0.71

Vitamin D statusg

 Deficient

43 (37.1)

42 (35.9)

41 (35.0)

0.96

 Insufficient

58 (50.0)

63 (53.9)

63 (53.9)

 Sufficient

15 (12.9)

12 (10.3)

13 (11.1)

  1. Differences between tertiles of grip strength were determined using chi-square test and ANOVA. Data are mean ± standard deviation or n (%), unless otherwise stated; level of significance was p < 0.05
  2. Abbreviations: BMIz BMI z-score, HDL-C HDL-cholesterol, 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D
  3. aTertiles of grip strength are standardized for age, sex, and body weight and are the median (IQR)
  4. bLate puberty/post-puberty defined as reported voice change (male) or menarche (female)
  5. cSedentary time defined as the number of hours per day spent watching television, videos, and using a computer
  6. dDifferences between tertiles of grip strength were determined using the Kruskal Wallis test and data are the median (IQR)
  7. eBorderline/Low defined as ≤45 mg/dL; normal defined as > 45 mg/dL
  8. fNormal defined as < 75 mg/dL for children ≤9 years and < 90 mg/dL for children older than 9 years; borderline/high defined as ≥75 mg/dL for children ≤9 years and ≥90 mg/dL for children older than 9 years
  9. gDeficient defined as < 20 ng/mL; insufficient defined as ≥20 and < 30 ng/mL; sufficient defined as ≥30 ng/mL
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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