Table 1 Bivariate associations between sociodemographic and health characteristics, and childhood mortality, Rwanda 2010
Socio-demographic factor | Weighted % (death rate) | No. of deaths in last five years | No. of children ever alive in the last five years | Odds Ratio | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child variables | |||||
 Child size at birth | |||||
  Normal or large size | 5.4 | 403 | 7558 | 1.00 |  |
  Small size | 7.1 | 100 | 1392 | 1.32 | 0.0157 |
 Child is twin | |||||
  No | 5.4 | 462 | 8734 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 20.2 | 56 | 268 | 4.45 | < 0.0001 |
Mother and pregnancy variables | |||||
 Number of antenatal visits during pregnancy | |||||
  4+ antenatal visits, well timed | 2.4 | 36 | 1577 | 1.00 |  |
  4+ antenatal visits, poorly timed | 3.3 | 22 | 662 | 1.40 | 0.2440 |
  0–3 antenatal visits | 3.5 | 140 | 4075 | 1.51 | 0.0426 |
  Not asked | 12.0 | 320 | 2674 | 5.63 | < 0.0001 |
 Preceding birth interval | |||||
  9–24 months | 8.6 | 133 | 1592 | 1.00 |  |
  25–50 months | 4.8 | 193 | 4036 | 0.54 | < 0.0001 |
  51+ months | 4.7 | 50 | 1090 | 0.53 | < 0.0001 |
  First born, or only child | 6.0 | 135 | 2253 | 0.68 | < 0.0001 |
 Number of births in last five years | |||||
  1–2 births | 4.5 | 362 | 8150 | 1.00 |  |
  3–4 births | 18.2 | 156 | 852 | 4.74 | < 0.0001 |
 Unwanted pregnancy | |||||
  Wanted | 6.2 | 349 | 5669 | 1.00 |  |
  Unwanted | 5.1 | 162 | 3318 | 0.81 | 0.0554 |
 Place of delivery | |||||
  Health facility | 5.1 | 319 | 6207 | 1.00 |  |
  Not health facility | 7.0 | 190 | 2779 | 1.40 | 0.0021 |
 Mother’s age at child’s birth | |||||
   < 21 years | 6.8 | 60 | 864 | 1.00 |  |
  21–30 years | 5.5 | 261 | 4837 | 0.80 | 0.1338 |
   > 30 years | 6.0 | 197 | 3301 | 0.87 | 0.3688 |
Parent and household variables | |||||
 Mother’s education | |||||
  No education | 7.2 | 124 | 1702 | 1.00 |  |
  Educated | 5.5 | 394 | 7300 | 0.75 | 0.0112 |
 Mother’s marital status | |||||
  Never in union | 4.5 | 24 | 536 | 1.00 |  |
  Living with partner | 5.8 | 443 | 7690 | 1.32 | 0.2785 |
  Widowed | 8.6 | 18 | 220 | 2.00 | 0.0630 |
  Not living with partner | 6.0 | 33 | 556 | 1.37 | 0.3500 |
 Women’s religion | |||||
  Religious, Christian | 5.9 | 503 | 8687 | 1.00 |  |
  Religious, not-Christian or not Religious | 5.3 | 15 | 305 | 0.90 | 0.7148 |
 Mother’s HIV status | |||||
  HIV negative | 6.3 | 268 | 4358 | 1.00 |  |
  HIV positive | 13.8 | 23 | 170 | 2.38 | 0.0003 |
  Not tested | 5.1 | 227 | 4474 | 0.79 | 0.0174 |
 Mother’s BMI | |||||
  Underweight (< 18.5) | 9.3 | 19 | 205 | 0.66 |  |
  Normal weight (> = 18.5 to < 25) | 6.3 | 213 | 3464 | 0.76 | 0.1190 |
  Overweight / obese (> = 25) | 7.2 | 59 | 835 | 0.52 | 0.3515 |
  Not measured | 5.0 | 227 | 4498 | 0.66 | 0.0136 |
 Mother’s current contraceptive method | |||||
  Modern method | 4.6 | 178 | 3988 | 1.00 |  |
  Traditional method | 5.9 | 33 | 528 | 1.29 | 0.2602 |
  Non-User | 6.9 | 307 | 4486 | 1.52 | < 0.0001 |
 Mother’s perceived barrier to care (permission, money, distance and not going alone) | |||||
  No | 5.5 | 178 | 3245 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 6.0 | 340 | 5757 | 1.10 | 0.3500 |
 Physical or sexual violence by husband against mother, in last 12 months | |||||
  No | 5.7 | 86 | 1559 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 7.4 | 156 | 2171 | 1.33 | 0.5132 |
  Not interviewed | 5.2 | 275 | 5264 | 0.92 | 0.5132 |
 Decision maker for using contraceptives | |||||
  Woman | 6.1 | 19 | 340 | 1.00 |  |
  Husband | 2.9 | 5 | 146 | 0.47 | 0.1443 |
  Joint decision | 4.7 | 170 | 3694 | 0.75 | 0.2890 |
 Decision maker for woman’s earnings | |||||
  Woman and husband | 5.8 | 190 | 3280 | 1.00 |  |
  Woman alone | 5.5 | 42 | 820 | 0.94 | 0.7198 |
  Husband alone | 5.2 | 41 | 775 | 0.87 | 0.4494 |
 Mother’s employment | |||||
  Not working | 6.5 | 119 | 1853 | 1.00 |  |
  Working | 5.6 | 398 | 7141 | 0.85 | 0.2004 |
 Mother owns agriculture land | |||||
  Does not own land | 5.2 | 115 | 2313 | 1.00 |  |
  Owns land | 6.0 | 403 | 6686 | 1.17 | 0.1872 |
 Poorest of the poor (wealth factor score < −0.8) | |||||
  No | 5.8 | 506 | 8869 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 9.3 | 12 | 133 | 1.68 | 0.1331 |
 Household has a mosquito bed net for sleeping | |||||
  No | 10.8 | 63 | 587 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 5.5 | 455 | 8415 | 0.48 | < 0.0001 |
 Source of drinking water | |||||
  Unimproved | 6.5 | 161 | 2480 | 1.00 |  |
  Improved | 5.5 | 348 | 6431 | 0.83 | 0.0848 |
 Household toilet facility | |||||
  Unimproved | 6.2 | 144 | 2342 | 1.00 |  |
  Improved | 5.6 | 365 | 6560 | 0.91 | 0.3923 |
 Children < 15 have health insurance in household | |||||
  No | 5.7 | 116 | 2098 | 1.00 |  |
  Yes | 5.8 | 402 | 6904 | 1.02 | 0.8750 |
 Household has bank account | |||||
  Yes | 5.5 | 155 | 2914 | 1.00 |  |
  No | 6.0 | 361 | 6062 | 1.09 | 0.4139 |
 Household size | |||||
  2–3 members | 5.6 | 203 | 1272 | 0.76 | 0.1335 |
  4–5 members | 4.3 | 53 | 3697 | 1.00 |  |
  6+ members | 6.5 | 262 | 4025 | 1.17 | 0.1180 |
Community variables | |||||
 Season of delivery | |||||
  Short dry | 5.9 | 120 | 2037 | 1.00 |  |
  Long rain | 5.9 | 145 | 2484 | 1.00 | 0.9878 |
  Long dry | 6.3 | 147 | 2349 | 1.07 | 0.5915 |
  Short rain | 5.1 | 106 | 2132 | 0.85 | 0.2312 |
 Place of residence | |||||
  Urban | 5.6 | 64 | 1225 | 1.00 |  |
  Rural | 5.9 | 454 | 7777 | 1.05 | 0.7137 |