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Table 1 Maternal and child characteristics overall and by ethnic group, n (%) or mean (SD), with p values for the difference between White British and Pakistani participants (2 sided t test or chi-squared test)

From: Is small size at birth associated with early childhood morbidity in white British and Pakistani origin UK children aged 0–3? Findings from the born in Bradford cohort study

 

All

White British

Pakistani

p value

 

8850

4119

4731

 

Mother variables

 Mother age at delivery

27.5 (5.61)

27.0 (6.05)

27.9 (5.16)

<  0.001

 Mother education higher than A level

2540 (28.7%)

1162 (28.2%)

1372 (29.0%)

= 0.420

 Housing tenure (Owner occupied)

5487 (62.0%)

2175 (52.8%)

3312 (70.0%)

<  0.001

 Household in receipt of means tested benefits

3797 (42.9%)

1557 (37.8%)

2242 (47.4%)

<  0.001

 Mother height (cm)

161.8 (6.35)

164.1 (6.23)

159.7 (5.72)

<  0.001

 Mother weight (kg)

74.3 (15.6)

77.9 (16.5)

71.1 (14.0)

<  0.001

 Mother BMI (at recruitment)

28.3 (5.47)

28.9 (5.72)

27.8 (5.19)

<  0.001

 Parity 0

3513 (39.7%)

4283 (48.4%)

2841 (32.1%)

<  0.001

 Parity 1

2558 (28.9%)

2788 (31.5%)

2354 (26.6%)

 

 Parity 2+

2779 (31.4%)

1779 (20.1%)

3655 (41.3%)

 

 Mother never smoked

6071 (68.6%)

3690 (41.7%)

8151 (92.1%)

<  0.001

 Mother smoked before pregnancy

1478 (16.7%)

2673 (30.2%)

434 (4.9%)

 

 Mother smoked during pregnancy

1301 (14.7%)

2496 (28.2%)

266 (3.0%)

 

Child Variables

 Birth-weight (g)

3238 (541)

3371 (547)

3147 (518)

<  0.001

 Low birthweight (< 2500 g)

620 (7.0%)

443 (5.0%)

770 (8.7%)

<  0.001

 Small For Gestational Age (GROW – 10th Decile)

902 (15.8%)

257 (6.24%)

645 (15.3%)

<  0.001

 Gestation (weeks)

39.2 (1.72)

39.3 (1.76)

39.2 (1.68)

= 0.006

 Pre-term birth (< 37 weeks)

439 (5.0%)

220 (5.3%)

219 (4.6%)

= 0.124

 Gender (female)

4319 (48.8%)

4283 (48.4%)

4345 (49.1%)

= 0.542

GP appointments

20.0 (13.3)

16.0 (11.6)

23.5 (13.8)

<  0.001

Analgesic prescriptions

4.65 (4.97)

2.82 (3.10)

6.24 (5.68)

<  0.001

Antibiotic prescriptions

3.24 (3.90)

2.64 (3.26)

3.77 (4.32)

<  0.001

Bronchodilator prescriptions

1.44 (3.18)

1.49 (3.04)

1.40 (3.29)

= 0.184

Emergency hospital episodes

0.42 (1.00)

0.38 (0.83)

0.45 (1.12)

= 0.001

Elective hospital episodes

0.08 (0.61)

0.07 (0.36)

0.10 (0.77)

= 0.022