From: Preterm birth and the timing of puberty: a systematic review
Country, Participant DOB (REF) | Study design | Participant selection | Gestation used to define prematurity (weeks) | Number of subjects | Form of summary measure | Age at menarche (years) | Age of onset of puberty for females (years) | Age of attainment of TS 2 for males (years) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preterm | Term | Preterm | Term | Preterm | Term | Preterm | Term | |||||
Turkey, 1993–2003 (Atay et al) | Cross-sectional | Randomly selected healthy school girls. | Not specified | 166 | 4702 | Median | “Gestational age had no effect on the odds of being menarcheal” | 12.74 | “Gestational age had no effect on the odds of on attaining any of the pubertal stages” | TS 2–5 9.65, 10.10, 11.75, and 14.17 years, respectively | ||
India, 1968–1971 (Bhargava et al) | Cohort | Children born in urban hospital | 37 | 79 | 176 | Median | 13.1 | 13.6 | “Almost half the LBW were in TS 2 at 9.5 years” | 28% at TS 2 at age 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.02 |
India, 1987–1989 (Chaudari et al) | Cohort | Infants discharged from Neonatal Unit | Not specified | 147 (73 SGA, 74 AGA) | 123 (33 SGA, 90 AGA) | Mean | 12.5 | 12.7 (SGA) 12.8 (AGA) | SGA: 59% AGA: 73% | SGA: 61% AGA:64% | ||
US and Puerto Rico, 1929–1975 (D’Aloisio et al..) | Cohort | Women from the Sister Study with FH of Breast Cancer. | <36 | 767 | 17,365 | Other | No significant difference in RR of menarche at different ages compared to controls | |||||
France, 1925–1951 (Dossus et al.) | Cohort | Women recruited into E3N study | Not specified | 2748 | 73,972 | Median | 0.07 years earlier | 13 | ||||
Hawaii, 1986–1995 (Epplein et al..) | Cross-sectional | Healthy females in adolescent maturation study. | <36 | 12 | 336 | Other | Hazard ratio 1.61 (p value 0.16) with 36–41 weeks as reference. | |||||
Australia, 1977–1982 (Ford et al.) | Nested cohort | VLBW (Mean gestation for BW < 1000 g =27 w; 1000–1499 g = 30w) and NBW controls | 37 | 165 | 41 | Other | At 14 yrs. of age: BW <1000 g: 15% BW: 1000–1500 g: 0% | 6% | TS >3 at 14: BW <1000 g: 74% BW 1000–1500 g: 69% | 75% | TS 3: BW < 1000 g: 88% BW 1000–1500 g:88%. | 88% |
USA, 1977–1979 (Hack et al) | Cohort | VLBW infants (mean 30 w) and controls | 37 | 195 | 208 | Other | 12.4 | 12.3 | ||||
Hong Kong, 1997 (Hui et al) | Cohort | “Children of 1997” Birth Cohort | 36 | 382 | 6984 | Mean | 9.88 | 9.68 | 11.71 | 11.67 | ||
Australia, 1966–1970 (Kitchen et al) | Cohort | Hospital born infants BW 500 g–1500 g | No controls | 152 | No controls | Mean | 12.04 | 12.98 (standard Australian population) | ||||
Canada, 1975–1976 (Moisan et al) | Nested cohort | Fifth grade females from public schools | Not specified | 3022 overall | 3022 overall | No data | “Prematurity had no association with early menarche” | |||||
US, 1978–1984 (Peralta-Carcelen et al) | Cross-sectional | Adolescents born ELBW (mean 30 w) and term controls | 37 | 53 | 53 | Mean | 11.15 | 11.45 | TS 4/5: 88% | TS 4/5: 97% | “Testicular size not significantly different between groups”. | |
Sweden, 1973–1977 (Persson et al) | Case control | Singleton births | 37 | 139 | 688 | Mean | 13.2 | 13.1 | Onset of pubertal growth spurt: 11.3 | 11.1 | Onset of pubertal growth spurt: 12.0 | 12.1 |
Canada, 1977–1982 (Saigal et al) | Cohort | Infants born ELBW (and term controls | 37 | 82 | 69 | Mean | 12.0 | 12.2 | ||||
Finland, 1986 (Sipola-Leppänen et al) | Cohort | Infants born early (GA <34 w) and late preterm (GA 34–36 w) and term controls | 37 | early preterm = 79 late preterm = 238 | 6325 | Other | At age 16 54.3% early preterm had reached TS 4/5, 58.9% late preterm | At age 16 69.5% had reached TS 4/5 | At age 16 65% early preterm had reached TS 4/5, 71.5% late preterm | At age 16 75.3% had reached TS 4/5 | ||
Finland, 1978–1985 (Wehkalampi et al) | Cohort | Infants born VLBW (SGA mean 32 w; AGA mean 28 w) and term controls | 37 | SGA = 35 AGA = 78 | 146 | Mean | SGA:12.6 AGA:12.2 | 12.5 | Voice break SGA:13.5 AGA:13.3 | 13.8 |