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Table 2 Full results from included studies

From: Preterm birth and the timing of puberty: a systematic review

Country, Participant DOB (REF)

Study design

Participant selection

Gestation used to define prematurity (weeks)

Number of subjects

Form of summary measure

Age at menarche (years)

Age of onset of puberty for females (years)

Age of attainment of TS 2 for males (years)

Preterm

Term

 

Preterm

Term

Preterm

Term

Preterm

Term

Turkey, 1993–2003

(Atay et al)

Cross-sectional

Randomly selected healthy school girls.

Not specified

166

4702

Median

“Gestational age had no effect on the odds of being menarcheal”

12.74

“Gestational age had no effect on the odds of on attaining any of the pubertal stages”

TS 2–5 9.65, 10.10, 11.75, and 14.17 years, respectively

  

India, 1968–1971 (Bhargava et al)

Cohort

Children born in urban hospital

37

79

176

Median

13.1

13.6

“Almost half the LBW were in TS 2 at 9.5 years”

28% at TS 2 at age 9.5

10.2

10.02

India, 1987–1989 (Chaudari et al)

Cohort

Infants discharged from Neonatal Unit

Not specified

147 (73 SGA, 74 AGA)

123 (33 SGA, 90 AGA)

Mean

12.5

12.7 (SGA)

12.8 (AGA)

  

SGA: 59%

AGA: 73%

SGA: 61%

AGA:64%

US and Puerto Rico, 1929–1975 (D’Aloisio et al..)

Cohort

Women from the Sister Study with FH of Breast Cancer.

<36

767

17,365

Other

No significant difference in RR of menarche at different ages compared to controls

     

France, 1925–1951 (Dossus et al.)

Cohort

Women recruited into E3N study

Not specified

2748

73,972

Median

0.07 years earlier

13

    

Hawaii, 1986–1995 (Epplein et al..)

Cross-sectional

Healthy females in adolescent maturation study.

<36

12

336

Other

Hazard ratio 1.61 (p value 0.16) with 36–41 weeks as reference.

     

Australia, 1977–1982 (Ford et al.)

Nested cohort

VLBW (Mean gestation for BW < 1000 g =27 w; 1000–1499 g = 30w) and NBW controls

37

165

41

Other

At 14 yrs. of age:

BW <1000 g: 15%

BW: 1000–1500 g: 0%

6%

TS >3 at 14:

BW <1000 g: 74%

BW 1000–1500 g: 69%

75%

TS 3:

BW < 1000 g: 88%

BW 1000–1500 g:88%.

88%

USA, 1977–1979 (Hack et al)

Cohort

VLBW infants (mean 30 w) and controls

37

195

208

Other

12.4

12.3

    

Hong Kong, 1997 (Hui et al)

Cohort

“Children of 1997” Birth Cohort

36

382

6984

Mean

  

9.88

9.68

11.71

11.67

Australia, 1966–1970 (Kitchen et al)

Cohort

Hospital born infants BW 500 g–1500 g

No controls

152

No controls

Mean

12.04

12.98 (standard Australian population)

    

Canada, 1975–1976 (Moisan et al)

Nested cohort

Fifth grade females from public schools

Not specified

3022 overall

3022 overall

No data

“Prematurity had no association with early menarche”

     

US, 1978–1984 (Peralta-Carcelen et al)

Cross-sectional

Adolescents born ELBW (mean 30 w) and term controls

37

53

53

Mean

11.15

11.45

TS 4/5: 88%

TS 4/5: 97%

“Testicular size

not significantly different between

groups”.

 

Sweden, 1973–1977 (Persson et al)

Case control

Singleton births

37

139

688

Mean

13.2

13.1

Onset of pubertal growth spurt: 11.3

11.1

Onset of pubertal growth spurt: 12.0

12.1

Canada, 1977–1982 (Saigal et al)

Cohort

Infants born ELBW (and term controls

37

82

69

Mean

12.0

12.2

    

Finland, 1986 (Sipola-Leppänen et al)

Cohort

Infants born early (GA <34 w) and late preterm (GA 34–36 w) and term controls

37

early preterm = 79

late preterm = 238

6325

Other

  

At age 16 54.3% early preterm had reached TS 4/5, 58.9% late preterm

At age 16 69.5% had reached TS 4/5

At age 16 65% early preterm had reached TS 4/5, 71.5%

late preterm

At age 16 75.3% had reached TS 4/5

Finland, 1978–1985 (Wehkalampi et al)

Cohort

Infants born VLBW (SGA mean 32 w; AGA mean 28 w) and term controls

37

SGA = 35

AGA = 78

146

Mean

SGA:12.6

AGA:12.2

12.5

  

Voice break

SGA:13.5

AGA:13.3

13.8

  1. Abbreviations: DOB Date of Birth, RR Relative Risk, w weeks, SGA Small for Gestational Age, AGA Appropriate for Gestational Age, BW Birth Weight, LBW Low Birth Weight, VLBW Very Low Birth Weight, ELBW Extremely Low Birth Weight, NBW Normal Birth Weight, TS Tanner Stage