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Table 2 Child’s characteristics in the first year of life and maternal depression at 24 and 48 months and 6 years after the child birth, Pelotas, Brazil (n = 3204)

From: Gestational age at birth and behavioral problems from four to 11 years of age: birth cohort study

Variable

All

<34

34–36

37+

p-valueb

Sex

    

0.605

 Male

1654

43 (2.6)

176 (10.6)

1435 (86.8)

 

 Female

1550

32 (2.1)

165 (10.7)

1353 (87.3)

 

Apgar 1st minute <7

    

<0.001

 No

2813

49 (1.7)

278 (9.9)

2486 (88.4)

 

 Yes

371

26 (7.0)

60 (16.2)

285 (76.8)

 

Apgar 5th minute <7

    

<0.001

 No

3138

66 (2.1)

328 (10.5)

2744 (87.4)

 

 Yes

49

9 (18.4)

11 (22.5)

29 (59.2)

 

Hospitalization in intensive care unit at birth

    

<0.001

 No

2925

25 (0.9)

256 (8.8)

2644 (90.4)

 

 Yes

271

50 (18.5)

83 (30.6)

138 (50.9)

 

Low birth weight

    

<0.001

 No

2949

11 (0.4)

245 (8.3)

2693 (91.3)

 

 Yes

255

64 (25.1)

96 (37.7)

95 (37.3)

 

Breastfeeding duration (months)

    

0.009

 < 12

1954

61 (3.1)

205 (10.5)

1688 (86.4)

 

 12–23.9

531

7 (1.3)

60 (11.3)

464 (87.4)

 

 ≥ 24

716

7 (1.0)

76 (10.6)

633 (88.4)

 

Hospitalization in the first year of life

    

<0.001

 No

2578

26 (1.0)

237 (9.2)

2315 (89.8)

 

 Yes

557

47 (8.4)

95 (17.1)

415 (74.5)

 

Maternal depression (EPDS ≥13) (24 months after birth)a

    

0.061

 No

2651

66 (2.5)

268 (10.1)

2317 (87.4)

 

 Yes

488

9 (1.8)

66 (13.5)

413 (84.6)

 

Maternal depression (EPDS ≥13) (48 months after birth)a

    

0.002

 No

2649

65 (2.5)

259 (9.8)

2325 (87.8)

 

 Yes

546

10 (1.8)

81 (14.8)

455 (83.3)

 

Maternal depression (EPDS ≥13)

    

0.193

(6 years after birth)

 No

2406

58 (2.4)

245 (10.2)

2103 (87.4)

 

 Yes

469

11 (2.4)

61 (13.0)

397 (84.7)

 
  1. a EPDS Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale
  2. bPearson X 2 test