Table 2 Parent-report questionnaires used as gold standards for the domains of the family-centered care approach
Domain of the Family-centered approach | Criterion | Nr. of items | Measuring | Information on reliability and validity (and Cronbach’s alpha in our study) | Cut-off scores | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wellbeing of the child | Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social Emotional (ASQ-SE) (versions 6, 12 and 18 months) | 22–29 | Social-emotional development of the child | Cronbach’s alpha 0.82. Test-retest reliability 0.94. Sensitivity 0.75–0.89. Specificity 0.82–0.96. (0.41–0.69) | High >2 sd | [27] |
Competence of the parent | Dutch Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (4 subscales) | 11 | Parental competence and attachment | Cronbach’s alpha 0.92–0.96. Good construct and criterion validity* (0.82) | High >90th pct | [28] |
Parenting Tasks Checklist or Problem Setting and Behavior Checklist (PSBC)(Setting Self-Efficacy subscale) | 14 | Perceived ability of the primary caretaker in mastering problem situations | Cronbach’s alpha 0.91 (0.89) | Low <10th pct | [29] | |
Parental Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) | 16 | Competence of the parent | Cronbach’s alpha 0.70–0.88. Test-retest reliability 0.46–0.82. Good construct validity. (0.84) | High: >2 sd | [30] | |
SF-12 Health Survey SF-12 mental SF-12 physical | 12 | Health status (physical and mental) of the parent | Abbreviated version of the validated 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Correlations betwee SF-36 and SF-12 are high, i.e.0.94–0.97 (0.67–0.71) | Low: <10th pct Low: <10th pct | [31] | |
Role of the partner | McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) (General Functioning subscale) | 12 | Emotional relationships within families | Cronbach’s alpha 0.66–0.81.Good construct validity. (0.94) | High: >90th pct | [32] |
Dutch Parental Stress Index (PSI) (subscale partner) | 5 | Having a child and its effect on the relationship between partners | Cronbach’s alpha 0.92–0.96. Good construct and criterion validity* (0.71) | High: >90th pct | [28] | |
Social support | Social Support List, short version (SSL) Received Shortage | 12 | Social support | Cronbach’s alpha 0.69–0.96, Construct and criterion validity sufficient* (0.74–0.79) | Low: <2 sd High: >90th pct | [33] |
Loneliness-score Social Emotional | 11 | Feelings of overall, emotional and social loneliness | Cronbach’s alpha 0.80–0.90. sufficient content validity. (0.80–0.85) | High: >90th pct High: >90th pct High: >90th pct | [34] | |
Perceived barriers or life events within the care giving context of the child | Questionnaire on the material or social deprivation of a child due to shortage of money (deprivation questionnaire) | 15 | The material or social deprivation of a child due to shortage of money | Cronbach’s alpha 0. 89. (0.63) | High: > 90th pct | [35] |
Dutch Parental Stress Index (PSI)(subscale life events) | 17 | Life events happened in the past year | Cronbach’s alpha 0.92–0.96. Good construct and criterion validity* | High: >2 sd | [28] |