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Table 2 Linear regression models showing predictors of children’s cognitive outcomes

From: Could cash and good parenting affect child cognitive development? A cross-sectional study in South Africa and Malawi

 

Performance on cognitive tests

Cognitive functioning difficulty or disability

 

Draw-a-person

Digit span

Learning

Remembering

Comprehension

Total difficulties

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

Model 1

 Cash support

15.57 (12.81, 18.33)***

1.33 (.72, 1.95)***

−.17 (−.25, −.09)***

−.009 (−.19, .01)

−.03 (−.07, .02)

−.27 (−.45, −.09)**

 Good parenting

6.25 (1.25, 11.24)*

.77 (−.33, 1.87)

.004 (−.14, .15)

−.01 (−.19, .17)

.04 (−.04, .11)

.03 (−.29, .35)

 Cash plus good parenting

18.66 (15.17, 22.15)***

2.13 (1.35, 2.90)***

−.24 (−.34, −.14)***

−.21 (−.34, −.09)***

−.04 (−.09, .02)

−.47 (−.70, −.25)***

Model 2

 Cash support

12.37 (9.42, 15.33)***

.85 (.20-1.51)*

−.09 (−.18, .001)

−.02 (−.13, .09)

.02 (−.03, .06)

−.09 (−.28, .10)

 Good parenting

6.18 (1.31, 11.04)**

.79 (−.28, 1.87)

.008 (−-.14, .15)

−.01 (−.19, .17)

.05 (−.03, .12)

.04 (−.27, .35)

 Cash plus good parenting

16.01 (12.45, 19.57)***

1.73 (.94, 2.51)**

−.17 (−.28, −.06)**

−.13 (−.27, .001)*

.003 (−.05, .06)

−.30 (−.53, −.07)**

 Child gender (female)

.48 (−1.64, 2.60)

.19 (−.28, .66)

−.09 (−.15, −.02)**

−.09 (−.17, −.01)

−.03 (−.06, −.001)

−.21 (−.35, −.07)*

 Child age (years)

-

-

.001 (−.01, .01)

.009 (−.005, .02)

−.03 (−.06, −.001)*

.008 (−.02, .03)

 Number household assets

1.35 (.74, 1.96)***

 

−.004 (−.05, .02)***

−.03 (−.05, −.007)*

−.01 (−.02, −.004)**

−.08 (−.12, −.04)***

 Child HIV status (HIV+)

-6.49 (−9.64, −3.35)***

−.92 (−1.61, −.22)*

.11 (.01, .20)

.16 (.04, .28)**

.08 (.04, .13)***

.35 (.15, .55)**

 Child functioning difficulty or disability

−.64 (−1.09, −.19)**

−.25 (−.35, −.15)***

-

-

-

-

Interactions

 HIV x Cash

−3.87 (−8.48, .75)

−1.20 (−2.22, −.17)*

.02 (−1.12, .15)

.13 (−.04, .30)

.05 (−.02, .11)

.19 (−.10, .49)

 HIV x Good parenting

−11.01 (−21.29, −.73)*

−1.91 (−4.25, .44)

.22 (−.08, .52)

.33 (−.04, .71)

.20 (.05, .35)**

.75 (.09, 1.41)*

 HIV x Cash plus good parenting

.52 (−7.98, 9.00)

−1.27 (−3.14, .61)

−.03 (−.27, .22)

.05 (−.26, .36)

.04 (−.08, .17)

.07 (−.48, .61)

  1. B: unstandardised coefficient, CI: confidence interval
  2. Model 1: Univariate regression analyses showing associations of cash, good parenting and combined cash and good parenting with cognitive outcomes; Model 2: Multivariate regression analyses showing associations of cash, good parenting and combined cash and good parenting with cognitive outcomes controlling for other predictors: child gender, age, HIV status, number of household assets, and functioning difficulty or disability
  3. p < .05, *p < .01, ** p< .001 ***
  4. Interactions: p value refers to interaction of child HIV status and 3 types of provision: cash support, good parenting, and cash plus good parenting