Table 2 Methodologic characteristics of the included prognostic studies on risk factors for NEC
From: Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a systematic review of prognostic studies
Author | Country (year) | Design | Type of analysis | N included | Male (%) | Study population | Outcome | NEC type | Significant prognostic factors from multivariable analysis with p < 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boo et al. (2012) [21] | Malaysia (2007) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 3601 | 52% | VLBW (≤1500 g) | NEC | II, III | Maternal age, BW, surfactant, intrapartum antibiotics, indomethacin, surfactant, congenital pneumonia |
Carter et al. (2008) [22] | United States (unknown) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 134 | 54% | GA <35Â weeks, BW <1500Â g or requiring mechanical ventilation at birth | NEC | II, III | Number of infections, ventilation |
Drenckpohl et al. (2010) [36] | United States (2002–2008) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 324 | 54% | GA 23–36 weeks | NEC | II, III | Ethnicity, PROM, sepsis, H2 blockers in TPN |
Faustini et al. (2003) [37] | Italy (1999) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 221 | 49% | Live births of the university hospital in Rome | NEC | I, II | Any neonatal pathological condition, first time feeding with formula, any invasive procedure |
Gagliardi et al. (2008) [28] | Italy (1999–2002) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2035 | 51% | VLBW (<1500 g), GA 23–37 weeks | NEC-medical, NEC-surgical | II, III | Assisted ventilation, PDA, surfactant, Late-onset sepsis |
Gephart et al. (2014) [18] | United States (2007–2011) | Retrospective | Multivariable (Prediction model) | 35,013 | 50% | BW <1500 g and GA < 36 weeks | NEC-surgical, NEC-medical | II, III | GA, outborn, ethnicity, dopamine, dobutamine or milrinone combined with hypotension, metabolic acidosis, probiotics, late sepsis, PRBC transfusion, 2 or more positive cultures (blood, urine, other), human milk at day 7 and 14 of life, unit NEC rate |
Guthrie et al. (2003) [23] | United States (1998–2000) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 15,072 | 53% | GA 23–34 weeks | NEC-surgical, NEC-medical | II, III | BW, antenatal glucocorticoids, umbilical vessel catheterization, assisted ventilation, type of delivery, exposed both glucocorticoids and indomethacin during first week of life, Apgar score 5 min. |
Lee et al. (2016) [38] | South Korea (2003–2014) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 354 | 53% | GA 23–31(+6) weeks | NEC | II, III | Maternal blood NLR, multiparity, BW, GA |
Luig et al. (2004) [25] | Australia (1994–1999) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 4649 | 55% | All NICU admissions | NEC | II, III | Placental abruption, GA (weeks), SGA, year of birth, hyaline membrane disease, hypertensive disease of pregnancy |
Manogura et al. (2008) [39] | United States (1997–2006) | Prospective | Multivariable | 404 | a | Neonates with suspected IUGR | NEC | II, III | BW, base deficit |
Uauy et al. (1991) [24] | United States (1988–1989) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2681 | a | Infants admitted to one of the network centers <1500 g | NEC | II, III | Center of birth, ethnicity/gender, BW, maternal haemorrhage, duration of ROM, cesarean section |
Yamoto et al. (2016) [26] | Japan (2006–2015) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 323 | 53% | BW <1000 g | NEC, FIP, MRI | II, III | Gestational age of <26 weeks, severe cardiac malformations, not received EAP |
Yee et al. (2012) [27] | Canada (2003–2008) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 16,669 | 54% | GA <33 weeks | Early-Onset NEC, Late-Onset NEC | II, III | GA, SGA, outborn/inborn, congenital anomalies, narcotic use in <3 days, postnatal glucocorticoids |
Youn et al. (2015) [30] | Korea (2013–2014) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2326 | 50% | VLBW (<1500 g) | NEC | II, III | hypotension ≤1 week |