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Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for severely stunted children aged 0–23 and 0–59 months

From: Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis

Characteristic

Severely Stunted children 0–23 months

Severely Stunted children 0–59 months

Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI]

P

Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI]

P

Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI]

P

Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI]

P

Community level factors

 Type of residence

  Urban

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Rural

1.85 (1.44,2.36)

<0.001

 

2.29 (1.87,2.81)

<0.001

  

 Geopolitical Zones

  North Central

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  North East

2.58 (1.79,3.71)

<0.001

2.03 (1.48,2.79)

<0.001

2.21 (1.73,2.80)

<0.001

1.65 (1.31,2.08)

<0.001

  North West

5.59 (4.17,7.49)

<0.001

5.65 (4.23,7.54)

<0.001

3.83 (3.09,4.75)

<0.001

3.45 (2.83,4.19)

<0.001

  South East

0.50 (0.28,0.89)

0.021

0.41 (0.26,0.66)

<0.001

0.36 (0.25,0.52)

<0.001

0.40 (0.29,0.55)

<0.001

  South West

0.53 (0.33,0.87)

0.011

0.75 (0.50,1.13)

0.173

0.59 (0.44,0.79)

<0.001

0.73 (0.56,0.95)

0.022

  South South

0.80 (0.55,1.16)

0.476

0.83 (0.57,1.19)

0.310

0.59 (0.46,0.77)

<0.001

0.79 (0.62,1.01)

0.066

Socio-demographic factors

 Wealth Index

  Poorest

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Poor

0.71 (0.56,0.89)

0.004

1.01 (0.85,1.19)

0.941

0.69 (0.57,0.82)

<0.001

0.97 (0.85,1.11)

0.659

  Middle

0.36 (0.27,0.49)

<0.001

0.89 (0.72,1.12)

0.344

0.40 (0.33,0.50)

<0.001

0.85 (0.72,0.99)

0.049

  Rich

0.35 (0.27,0.47)

<0.001

0.74 (0.57,0.96)

0.026

0.26 (0.21,0.32)

<0.001

0.63 (0.52,0.76)

<0.001

  Richest

0.19 (0.14,0.28)

<0.001

0.64 (0.47,0.89)

0.007

0.16 (0.12,0.21)

<0.001

0.46 (0.37,0.58)

<0.001

 Maternal working status

  Non-working

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Working (past 12 months)

1.24 (0.79,1.92)

0.343

  

1.57 (1.23,1.99)

<0.001

1.49 (1.17,1.91)

0.002

 Maternal education

  No education

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Primary

0.33 (0.26,0.43)

<0.001

0.87 (0.71,1.05)

0.148

0.39 (0.33,0.46)

<0.001

0.82 (0.69,0.96)

0.014

  Secondary and above

0.27 (0.21,0.34)

<0.001

0.74 (0.59,0.94)

0.013

0.23 (0.19,0.28)

<0.001

0.77 (0.64,0.92)

0.004

 Paternal occupation

  Non agriculture

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Agriculture

1.07 (0.71,1.62)

0.758

  

1.12 (0.86,1.45)

0.406

  

  Not working

0.89 (0.71,1.13)

0.357

  

0.74 (0.62,0.88)

0.001

  

 Paternal education

  No education

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Primary

0.43 (0.33,0.54)

<0.001

  

0.46 (0.39,0.55)

<0.001

0.96 (0.82,1.12)

0.57

  Secondary and above

0.31 (0.25,0.38)

<0.001

  

0.30 (0.26,0.36)

<0.001

0.83 (0.71,0.97)

0.018

 Marital status

  Currently married

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Formerly married+

0.31 (0.15,0.64)

0.002

0.43 (0.21,0.89)

0.022

0.47 (0.32,0.71)

<0.001

0.63 (0.44,0.90)

0.011

 Mother’s literacy

  Can’t read at all

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Can read

0.38 (0.31,0.46)

<0.001

  

0.31 (0.27,0.37)

<0.001

0.78 (0.69,0.89)

<0.001

Environmental factor

 Source of drinking water

  Unimproved

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Improved

0.84 (0.69,1.03)

0.087

  

0.74 (0.63,0.86)

<0.001

  

Media factors

 Reading newspaper

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

  No

1.78 (1.34,2.36)

<0.001

  

2.68 (2.16,3.32)

<0.001

  

 Listening to radio

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

  No

1.44 (1.22,1.70)

<0.001

  

1.64 (1.45,1.85)

<0.001

  

 Watching TV

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

  No

2.38 (1.96,2.89)

<0.001

  

2.99 (2.57,3.48)

<0.001

  

Proximate determinants

  Maternal factors

  Mother’s age

   15–24 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

   25–34 years

0.77 (0.64,0.94)

0.008

  

0.77 (0.68,0.88)

<0.001

  

   35–49 years

1.03 (0.83,1.28)

0.768

  

0.83 (0.72,0.97)

0.016

  

  Mother’s age at birth

    < 20 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

   20–29 years

0.61 (0.47,0.79)

<0.001

  

0.65 (0.55,0.77)

<0.001

  

   30–39 years

0.59 (0.45,0.78)

<0.001

  

0.59 (0.50,0.72)

<0.001

  

   40 and above

0.84 (0.58,1.22)

0.351

  

0.72 (0.55,0.95)

<0.001

  

  Mother’s BMI

    < 18.5

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.000

 

   18.5–25

0.83 (0.61,1.13)

0.239

  

0.71 (0.58,0.87)

0.001

0.93 (0.78,1.12)

0.451

   25 and above

0.46 (0.32,0.67)

<0.001

  

0.36 (0.29,0.46)

<0.001

0.77 (0.63,0.95)

0.016

Delivery factors

 Type of delivery assistance

  Health professional

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Traditional birth attendant

3.19 (2.50,4.08)

<0.001

  

3.16 (2.65,3.76)

<0.001

  

  Relatives or other

2.43 (1.88,3.14)

<0.001

  

2.69 (2.25,3.20)

<0.001

  

  No one

4.77 (3.71,6.13)

<0.001

  

4.76 (3.94,5.75)

<0.001

  

 Combined Place and mode of delivery

  Home delivery

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Health facility—no Caesarean

0.32 (0.26,0.40)

<0.001

  

0.32 (0.27,0.38)

<0.001

  

  Health facility with Caesarean

0.30 (0.15,0.61)

0.001

  

0.20 (0.12,0.33)

<0.001

  

Pre/Post-delivery factors

 Antenatal clinic visits

  None

1.00

   

1.00

   

  1–3.

0.69 (0.52,0.89)

0.006

  

0.62 (0.49,0.77)

<0.001

  

  4 and above

0.39 (0.32,0.49)

<0.001

  

0.35 (0.30,0.42)

<0.001

  

 Timing of postnatal check-up

  No postnatal check-up

1.00

   

1.00

   

  0–2 days

0.41 (0.32,0.52)

<0.001

  

0.42 (0.34,0.50)

<0.001

  

  Delayed

0.25 (0.16,0.39)

<0.001

  

0.34 (0.25,0.44)

<0.001

  

 Currently breastfeeding

  No

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Yes

0.74 (0.59,0.92)

0.007

  

0.89 (0.79,0.99)

0.046

  

 Duration of breastfeeding

  upto 12 months

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   > 12 months

2.13 (1.82,2.49)

<0.001

2.59 (2.19,3.08)

<0.001

2.29 (1.99,2.63)

<0.001

2.83 (2.48,3.22)

<0.001

Child factors

 Birth order

  First-born

1.00

   

1.00

   

  2nd-4th

0.95 (0.73,1.24)

0.703

  

1.03 (0.89,1.19)

0.706

  

  5 or above

1.39 (1.07,1.81)

0.013

  

1.44 (1.23,1.69)

<0.001

  

 Preceding birth interval

  No previous birth

1.00

   

1.00

   

   < 24 months

1.01 (0.74,1.39)

0.928

  

1.46 (1.24,1.72)

<0.001

  

   > 24 months

1.17 (0.91,1.51)

0.221

  

1.15 (0.99,1.33)

0.064

  

 Sex of baby

  Male

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Female

0.65 (0.55,0.77)

<0.001

0.61 (0.54,0.69)

<0.001

0.83 (0.76,0.91)

<0.001

0.77 (0.71,0.85)

<0.001

 Perceived size of baby

  Small

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Average

0.67 (0.53,0.85)

0.001

0.79 (0.67,0.94)

0.009

0.67 (0.57,0.79)

<0.001

0.84 (0.73,0.96)

0.008

  Large

0.42 (0.33,0.54)

<0.001

0.58 (0.49,0.69)

<0.001

0.51 (0.44,0.59)

<0.001

0.68 (0.59,0.78)

<0.001

 Child’s age in months

1.07 (1.05,1.08)

<0.001

1.11 (1.10,1.13)

<0.001

1.01 (1.00,1.01)

<0.001

  

 Child had diarrhoea recently

  No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

1.48 (1.17,1.87)

0.001

1.31 (1.03,1.67)

0.026

1.64 (1.39,1.92)

<0.001

1.58 (1.38,1.82)

<0.001

 Child had fever in last 2 weeks

  No

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Yes

1.17 (0.93,1.47)

0.176

  

1.10 (0.95,1.27)

0.194

  
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BMC Pediatrics

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