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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for stunted children aged 0–23 and 0–59 months

From: Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis

Characteristic

Stunted children 0–23 Months

Stunted children 0–59 Months

Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI]

P

Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI]

P

Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI]

P

Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI]

P

Community level factors

 Type of residence

  Urban

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Rural

1.56 (1.24,1.96)

<0.001

  

2.03 (1.74,2.38)

<0.001

  

 Geopolitical Zones

  North Central

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  North East

2.20 (1.72,2.83)

<0.001

1.92 (1.49,2.46)

<0.001

2.13 (1.74,2.59)

<0.001

1.53 (1.26,1.87)

<0.001

  North West

4.62 (3.74,5.71)

<0.001

4.67 (3.72,5.86)

<0.001

3.19 (2.67,3.83)

<0.001

2.74 (2.29,3.27)

<0.001

  South East

0.58 (0.42,0.81)

0.001

0.54 (0.39,0.74)

<0.001

0.49 (0.39,0.62)

<0.001

0.49 (0.39,0.62)

<0.001

  South West

0.73 (0.54,0.98)

0.039

0.78 (0.58,1.05)

0.098

0.57 (0.46,0.71)

<0.001

0.65 (0.52,0.80)

<0.001

  South South

0.94 (0.73,1.22)

0.662

0.98 (0.75,1.29)

0.904

0.74 (0.61,0.90)

0.003

0.98 (0.81,1.19)

0.832

Socio-demographic factors

 Wealth Index

  Poorest

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Poor

0.64 (0.52,0.79)

<0.001

0.89 (0.77,1.04)

0.151

0.65 (0.55,0.77)

<0.001

0.87 (0.76,0.98)

0.024

  Middle

0.39 (0.31,0.51)

<0.001

0.91 (0.75,1.09)

0.321

0.40 (0.33,0.49)

<0.001

0.77 (0.66,0.89)

<0.001

  Rich

0.36 (0.29,0.46)

<0.001

0.72 (0.58,0.88)

0.002

0.29 (0.24,0.35)

<0.001

0.62 (0.52,0.73)

<0.001

  Richest

0.22 (0.17,0.29)

<0.001

0.59 (0.47,0.76)

<0.001

0.18 (0.15,0.23)

<0.001

0.45 (0.37,0.55)

<0.001

 Maternal working status

  Non-working

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Working (past 12 months)

1.22 (0.88,1.68)

0.232

  

1.59 (1.29,1.95)

<0.001

1.54 (1.23,1.93)

<0.001

 Maternal education

  No education

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Primary

0.42 (0.35,0.51)

<0.001

  

0.46 (0.41,0.53)

<0.001

  

  Secondary and above

0.31 (0.26,0.37)

<0.001

  

0.28 (0.24,0.32)

<0.001

  

 Paternal occupation

  Non agriculture

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Agriculture

1.08 (0.75,1.54)

0.695

  

1.19 (0.89,1.56)

0.226

  

  Not working

0.76 (0.62,0.94)

0.010

  

0.72 (0.62,0.84)

<0.001

  

 Paternal education

  No education

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

  Primary

0.45 (0.37,0.55)

<0.001

0.87 (0.71,1.06)

0.175

0.48 (0.42,0.55)

<0.001

  

  Secondary and above

0.32 (0.27,0.38)

<0.001

0.76 (0.64,0.91)

0.003

0.33 (0.29,0.37)

<0.001

  

 Marital status

  Currently married

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Formerly married+

0.56 (0.34,0.94)

0.028

  

0.78 (0.59,1.04)

0.092

  

 Mother’s literacy

  Can’t read at all

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Can read

0.43 (0.36,0.50)

<0.001

  

0.37 (0.33,0.42)

<0.001

  

Environmental factors

 Source of drinking water

  Unimproved

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Improved

0.82 (0.70,0.96)

0.016

  

0.74 (0.65,0.85)

<0.001

  

Media factors

 Reading newspaper

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  No

1.88 (1.52,2.34)

<0.001

  

2.53 (2.16,2.97)

<0.001

1.18 (1.02,1.38)

0.043

 Listening to radio

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

   

  No

1.56 (1.36,1.78)

<0.001

  

1.64 (1.47,1.83)

<0.001

  

 Watching TV

  Yes

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  No

2.34 (2.02,2.72)

<0.001

  

2.60 (2.30,2.94)

<0.001

1.38 (1.23,1.55)

<0.001

Proximate determinants

  Maternal factors

  Mother’s age

        

   15–24 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

   25–34 years

0.79 (0.67,0.92)

0.003

  

0.77 (0.69,0.87)

<0.001

  

   35–49years

1.03 (0.85,1.24)

0.780

  

0.85 (0.75,0.96)

0.009

  

  Mother's age at birth

    < 20 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

   20–29 years

0.63 (0.51,0.78)

<0.001

  

0.62 (0.54,0.72)

<0.001

  

   30–39 years

0.61 (0.49,0.76)

<0.001

  

0.57 (0.49,0.66)

<0.001

  

   40 and above

0.86 (0.63,1.17)

0.331

  

0.69 (0.56,0.86)

0.001

  

  Mother’s BMI

    < 18.5

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

   18.5–25

0.86 (0.66,1.13)

0.273

  

0.73 (0.61,0.88)

0.001

0.99 (0.84,1.17)

0.913

   25 and above

0.50 (0.37,0.69)

0.010

  

0.38 (0.31,0.47)

<0.001

0.79 (0.66,0.95)

0.012

Delivery factors

 Type of delivery assistance

  Health professional

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Traditional birth attendant

2.81 (2.32,3.41)

<0.001

  

2.67 (2.31,3.09)

<0.001

1.19 (1.05,1.36)

0.007

  Relatives or other

2.09 (1.71,2.56)

<0.001

  

2.37 (2.07,2.73)

<0.001

1.11 (0.98,1.24)

0.089

  No one

4.18 (3.37,5.18)

<0.001

  

4.12 (3.49,4.86)

<0.001

1.24 (1.07,1.44)

0.004

 Combined Place and mode of delivery

  Home delivery

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Health facility with no Caesarean

0.38 (0.32,0.45)

<0.001

  

0.37 (0.33,0.41)

<0.001

  

  Health facility with Caesarean

0.31 (0.18,0.54)

<0.001

  

0.27 (0.19,0.39)

<0.001

  

Pre/Post-delivery factors

 Antenatal clinic visits

  None

1.00

   

1.00

   

  1–3.

0.68 (0.54,0.85)

0.001

  

0.65 (0.54,0.78)

<0.001

  

  4 and above

0.41 (0.34,0.49)

<0.001

  

0.39 (0.34,0.46)

<0.001

  

 Timing of postnatal check-up

  No postnatal check-up

1.00

   

1.00

   

  0–2 days

0.44 (0.36,0.53)

<0.001

  

0.47 (0.41,0.54)

<0.001

  

  Delayed

0.32 (0.24,0.43)

<0.001

  

0.37 (0.31,0.45)

<0.001

  

 Currently breastfeeding

  No

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Yes

1.02 (0.86,1.21)

0.816

  

1.04 (0.95,1.15)

0.384

  

 Duration of breastfeeding

  upto 12 months

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

   > 12 months

2.27 (1.98,2.61)

<0.001

1.19 (1.01,1.42)

0.043

2.50 (2.22,2.82)

<0.001

3.28 (2.95,3.65)

<0.001

Child factors

 Birth order

  First-born

1.00

   

1.00

   

  2nd-4th

1.02 (0.84,1.24)

0.845

  

1.06 (0.95,1.19)

0.295

  

  5 or above

1.52 (1.24,1.86)

<0.001

  

1.43 (1.26,1.62)

<0.001

  

 Preceding birth interval

  No previous birth

1.00

   

1.00

   

   < 24 months

1.14 (0.89,1.47)

0.291

  

1.44 (1.26,1.65)

<0.001

  

   > 24 months

1.25 (1.04,1.51)

0.018

  

1.17 (1.04,1.31)

0.008

  

 Gender

  Male

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Female

0.79 (0.69,0.91

0.001

0.69 (0.63,0.77)

<0.001

0.86 (0.81,0.94)

<0.001

0.81 (0.75,0.87)

<0.001

 Perceived size of baby

  Small

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Average

0.65 (0.54,0.71)

<0.001

0.71 (0.61,0.83)

<0.001

0.72 (0.63,0.83)

<0.001

0.91 (0.81,1.02)

0.118

  Large

0.42 (0.34,0.51)

<0.001

0.50 (0.43,0.58)

<0.001

0.53 (0.47,0.61)

<0.001

0.69 (0.61,0.78)

<0.001

 Child’s age in months

1.08 (1.06,1.09)

<0.001

1.10 (1.09,1.12)

<0.001

1.01 (1.01,1.02)

<0.001

  

 Child had diarrhoea recently

  No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

  Yes

1.43 (1.19,1.73)

<0.001

1.22 (0.99,1.49)

0.050

1.46 (1.28,1.67)

<0.001

1.31 (1.16,1.49)

<0.001

 Child had fever in last 2 weeks

  No

1.00

   

1.00

   

  Yes

1.30 (1.09,1.56)

0.004

  

1.16 (1.03,1.31)

0.015

  
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