From: Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study
Variable | COME n (%) | Controls n (%) | OR (CI) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | <.001 | |||
European/Other | 102 (57.3) | 112 (53.6) | 1.00 | |
Asian | 7 (3.9) | 33 (15.8) | 0.23 (0.09, 0.52) | |
Maori | 47 (26.4) | 38 (18.2) | 1.36 (0.82, 2.26) | |
Pacific Island | 22 (12.4) | 26 (12.4) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.74) | |
Smoking | .006 | |||
Neither smoke | 109 (61.2) | 161 (77) | 1.00 | |
Mother smokes | 15 (8.4) | 12 (5.7) | 1.05 (0.83, 4.17) | |
Father smokes | 19 (10.7) | 16 (7.7) | 1.75 (0.86, 3.60) | |
Both smoke | 35 (19.7) | 20 (9.6) | 2.58 (1.43, 4.78) | |
Long labour | .01 | |||
No | 153 (87.4) | 198 (94.7) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 22 (12.6) | 11 (5.2) | 2.59 (1.22, 5.50) | |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | .07 | |||
No | 136 (76.4) | 174 (83.7) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 42 (23.6) | 34 (16.3) | 1.58 (0.95, 2.62) | |
Mode of delivery | .06 | |||
Unassisted | 102 (57.3) | 128 (61.2) | 1.00 | |
C sect – elective | 15 (8.4) | 31 (14.8) | 0.61 (0.31, 1.18) | |
C sect – emergency | 38 (21.3) | 30 (14.4) | 1.61 (0.93, 2.78) | |
Forceps or vacuum | 23 (12.9) | 20 (9.6) | 1.46 (0.76, 2.82) | |
Breastfed duration (months) | 178 | 208 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | .003 |
Formula | .006 | |||
No | 29 (16.3) | 58 (27.9) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 149 (83.7) | 150 (72.1) | 1.99 (1.20, 3.28) | |
Cow’s milk start < 13 months of age | .009 | |||
No | 71 (39.9) | 111 (53.1) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 107 (60.1) | 98 (46.9) | 1.71 (1.14, 2.56) | |
Colic | <.001 | |||
Never | 54 (30.3) | 88 (42.3) | 1.00 | |
Seldom | 67 (37.6) | 77 (37) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.28) | |
Often | 21 (11.8) | 28 (13.5) | 1.22 (0.63, 2.36) | |
Always | 36 (20.2) | 15 (7.2) | 3.91 (1.99, 7.99) | |
Reflux | .005 | |||
Never | 110 (61.8) | 150 (72.1) | 1.00 | |
Seldom | 31 (17.4) | 39 (18.8) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.84) | |
Always and often | 37 (20.8) | 19 (9.1) | 2.66 (1.47, 4.95) | |
Probiotic use in last 12 months | .04 | |||
No | 153 (86.4) | 193 (92.8) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 24 (13.6) | 15 (7.2) | 2.02 (1.02, 3.98) | |
Vitamin C use in last year | .07 | |||
No | 137 (77.4) | 144 (69.2) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 40 (22.6) | 64 (30.8) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.04) | |
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in last 12 months | .01 | |||
No | 148 (83.1) | 191 (91.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 30 (16.9) | 18 (8.6) | 2.15 (1.15, 4.01) | |
Wheeze in last 12 months | .007 | |||
No | 99 (55.6) | 144 (68.9) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 79 (44.4) | 65 (31.1) | 1.77 (1.17, 2.68) | |
Blocked nose | <.001 | |||
Only with cold, rarely or never | 84 (47.1) | 180 (86.1) | 1.00 | |
Always or often | 94 (52.8) | 29 (13.9) | 6.95 (4.25, 11.34) | |
Variable | COME n (%) | Controls n (%) | OR (CI) | P value |
Snoring | <.001 | |||
Never | 14 (7.9) | 49 (23.6) | 1.00 | |
Seldom | 29 (16.3) | 58 (27.9) | 1.75 (0.84, 3.76) | |
Only with cold | 21 (11.8) | 38 (18.3) | 1.93 (0.88, 4.37) | |
Often | 46 (25.8) | 37 (17.8) | 4.35 (2.13, 9.32) | |
Always | 68 (38.2) | 26 (12.5) | 9.15 (4.44, 19.89) | |
Runny nose | <.001 | |||
No | 11 (6.2) | 35 (16.7) | 1.00 | |
Only with cold | 85 (47.8) | 126 (60.3) | 2.15 (1.06, 4.64) | |
Yes – clear | 51 (28.7) | 36 (17.2) | 4.50 (2.08, 10.40) | |
Yes – purulent | 31 (17.4) | 12 (5.7) | 8.20 (3.28, 22.15) | |
Mouth breathing | <.001 | |||
Never | 19 (10.7) | 63 (30.4) | 1.00 | |
Rarely | 39 (22.0) | 44 (21.3) | 2.94 (1.52, 5.83) | |
Only with cold | 28 (15.8) | 52 (25.1) | 1.79 (0.90, 3.59) | |
Often | 50 (28.2) | 38 (18.4) | 4.36 (2.28, 8.63) | |
Always | 41 (23.2) | 10 (4.8) | 13.59 (5.95, 33.63) | |
4 or more colds in last 12 months | <.001 | |||
No | 61 (34.3) | 145 (69.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 117 (65.7) | 64 (30.6) | 4.35 (2.84, 6.66) | |
Sibling tympanostomy tubes | .002 | |||
No | 141 (79.2) | 189 (90.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 37 (20.8) | 20 (9.6) | 2.48 (1.38, 4.46) | |
Daycare hours per week | 174 | 208 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | .03 |
Older siblings | .07 | |||
No | 82 (46.1) | 77 (36.8) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 96 (53.9) | 132 (63.2) | 0.68 (0.45, 1.03) | |
Maternal OM | .02 | |||
No | 116 (65.5) | 156 (76.0) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 61 (34.5) | 49 (23.9) | 1.67 (1.07, 2.62) | |
Fully vaccinated | .10 | |||
No | 16 (9) | 30 (14.4) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 162 (91) | 178 (85.6) | 1.71 (0.90, 3.25) |