Table 2 Characteristics of children hospitalized with pneumonia at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
Characteristics at study enrollment | Pre-intervention group (N = 443) | Post-intervention group (N = 250) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (months) | 0.31 | ||
0–5 | 240 (54.2) | 124 (49.6) | |
6–11 | 101 (22.8) | 64 (25.6) | |
12–23 | 59 (13.3) | 43 (17.2) | |
24–59 | 43 (9.7) | 19 (7.6) | |
Male sex | 234 (52.8) | 133 (53.2) | 0.92 |
Hib conjugate vaccine status | 0.25 | ||
Received ≥1 dose | 332 (81.0) | 192 (84.6) | |
Received 0 doses | 78 (19.0) | 35 (15.4) | |
Missing | 33 | 23 | |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine status | <0.0001 | ||
Received ≥1 dose | 0 | 37 (18.1) | |
Received 0 doses | 0 | 168 (81.9) | |
Missing | 0 | 45 | |
HIV infection status | 0.02 | ||
Unexposed/uninfected | 273 (61.6) | 162 (64.8) | |
Exposed/uninfected | 107 (24.1) | 40 (16.0) | |
Infected | 63 (14.2) | 48 (19.2) | |
Weight for age z-score | 0.35 | ||
≤ − 3 | 74 (16.7) | 32 (12.8) | |
− 3 to −2 | 80 (18.1) | 44 (17.6) | |
> − 2 | 288 (65.0) | 174 (69.6) | |
Missing | 1 | 0 | |
Weight for height z-score | <0.0001 | ||
≤ − 3 | 51 (12.2) | 14 (5.8) | |
− 3 to − 2 | 46 (11.0) | 22 (9.2) | |
− 2 to 2 | 196 (46.9) | 169 (70.4) | |
> = 2 | 125 (29.9) | 35 (14.6) | |
Missing | 25 | 10 | |
Mother’s education | 0.7 | ||
None | 20 (4.6) | 10 (4.0) | |
Primary | 170 (39.0) | 105 (42.2) | |
Secondary or more | 246 (56.4) | 134 (53.8) | |
Missing | 7 | 1 | |
Very severe pneumonia | 127 (28.7) | 96 (38.4) | 0.009 |
Oxygen saturation ≤92 % | 191 (43.3) | 113 (45.2) | 0.63 |
Chest x-ray result | 0.02 | ||
Primary endpoint pneumoniaa | 79 (20.5) | 49 (22.3) | |
Other infiltrates | 67 (17.4) | 24 (10.9) | |
Primary endpoint pneumoniaa & other infiltrates | 44 (11.4) | 26 (11.8) | |
Normal | 117 (30.4) | 90 (40.9) | |
Uninterpretable | 78 (20.3) | 31 (14.1) | |
Missing | 58 | 30 | |
Admitted in high pneumonia season | 192 (43.3) | 96 (38.4) | 0.21 |