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Table 1 Maternal and infant baseline characteristics

From: HIV-exposed children account for more than half of 24-month mortality in Botswana

Maternal characteristics

HIV-infected (N = 1499)

HIV-uninfected (N = 1501)

Age (median)

29

24

Primigravid

244 (16 %)

675 (45 %)

Gravidity ≥4

545 (36 %)

199 (13 %)

Married

122 (8 %)

145 (10 %)

Education

 Primary/None

197 (13 %)

77 (5 %)

 Secondary

1176 (78 %)

1127 (75 %)

 Tertiary

126 (8 %)

297 (20 %)

Drinking water source

 Communal standpipe

301 (20 %)

170 (11 %)

 Tap in yard

977 (65 %)

1007 (67 %)

 Piped directly into the home

209 (14 %)

317 (21 %)

 Other/Unknown

12 (1 %)

7 (0.5 %)

Toilet facilities

 No latrine facilities

107 (7 %)

60 (4 %)

 Shared latrine with other compounds

69 (5 %)

53 (4 %)

 Private latrine for house/compound

1028 (69 %)

946 (63 %)

 Indoor Toilet

289 (19 %)

434 (29 %)

 Other/Unknown

6 (0.4 %)

8 (1 %)

Electricity in the home

799 (53 %)

987 (66 %)

VDRL positive during pregnancy

32 (2 %)

25 (2 %)

1st Hemoglobin during pregnancy (median)

10.8 g/dl

11.3 g/dl

Infant characteristics

HIV-exposed (N = 1515)

HIV-unexposed (N = 1518)

Gender

 Male

747 (49 %)

775 (51 %)

 Female

768 (51 %)

743 (49 %)

Delivery method

 Vaginal

1334 (88 %)

1387 (91 %)

 Elective Cesarean section

21 (1 %)

16 (1 %)

 Emergency Cesarean section

160 (11 %)

115 (8 %)

Gestational age at Delivery

 Very preterm (≤32 week)

44 (3 %)

12 (1 %)

 Preterm (33–37 weeks)

233 (15 %)

180 (12 %)

 Term (≥37 weeks)

1228 (81 %)

1316 (87 %)

 Unknown

10 (1 %)

10 (1 %)

Birthweight

 Very low birthweight (≤1500 g)

2 (0.1 %)

2 (0.1 %)

 Low birthweight (1500–2500 g)

252 (17 %)

111 (7 %)

 Normal birthweight (>2500 g)

1261 (83 %)

1405 (93 %)

Required NNU

50 (3 %)

33 (2 %)