From: HIV-exposed children account for more than half of 24-month mortality in Botswana
Maternal characteristics | HIV-infected (N = 1499) | HIV-uninfected (N = 1501) |
Age (median) | 29 | 24 |
Primigravid | 244 (16 %) | 675 (45 %) |
Gravidity ≥4 | 545 (36 %) | 199 (13 %) |
Married | 122 (8 %) | 145 (10 %) |
Education | ||
Primary/None | 197 (13 %) | 77 (5 %) |
Secondary | 1176 (78 %) | 1127 (75 %) |
Tertiary | 126 (8 %) | 297 (20 %) |
Drinking water source | ||
Communal standpipe | 301 (20 %) | 170 (11 %) |
Tap in yard | 977 (65 %) | 1007 (67 %) |
Piped directly into the home | 209 (14 %) | 317 (21 %) |
Other/Unknown | 12 (1 %) | 7 (0.5 %) |
Toilet facilities | ||
No latrine facilities | 107 (7 %) | 60 (4 %) |
Shared latrine with other compounds | 69 (5 %) | 53 (4 %) |
Private latrine for house/compound | 1028 (69 %) | 946 (63 %) |
Indoor Toilet | 289 (19 %) | 434 (29 %) |
Other/Unknown | 6 (0.4 %) | 8 (1 %) |
Electricity in the home | 799 (53 %) | 987 (66 %) |
VDRL positive during pregnancy | 32 (2 %) | 25 (2 %) |
1st Hemoglobin during pregnancy (median) | 10.8 g/dl | 11.3 g/dl |
Infant characteristics | HIV-exposed (N = 1515) | HIV-unexposed (N = 1518) |
Gender | ||
Male | 747 (49 %) | 775 (51 %) |
Female | 768 (51 %) | 743 (49 %) |
Delivery method | ||
Vaginal | 1334 (88 %) | 1387 (91 %) |
Elective Cesarean section | 21 (1 %) | 16 (1 %) |
Emergency Cesarean section | 160 (11 %) | 115 (8 %) |
Gestational age at Delivery | ||
Very preterm (≤32 week) | 44 (3 %) | 12 (1 %) |
Preterm (33–37 weeks) | 233 (15 %) | 180 (12 %) |
Term (≥37 weeks) | 1228 (81 %) | 1316 (87 %) |
Unknown | 10 (1 %) | 10 (1 %) |
Birthweight | ||
Very low birthweight (≤1500 g) | 2 (0.1 %) | 2 (0.1 %) |
Low birthweight (1500–2500 g) | 252 (17 %) | 111 (7 %) |
Normal birthweight (>2500 g) | 1261 (83 %) | 1405 (93 %) |
Required NNU | 50 (3 %) | 33 (2 %) |