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Table 3 Observed and model predicted total energy intake (kcal), nutrient intakes, and estimated diet cost among children and adolescents age 4–18 with a shortfall in total fruit consumption, NHANES 2009–2010 (n = 1,781)

From: Dietary and economic effects of eliminating shortfall in fruit intake on nutrient intakes and diet cost

 

Observed

Fruit juice + whole fruit (FJ + WF) model

Whole fruit (WF) model

Comparison of FJ + WF vs. WF mean

 

Mean (95 % CI)

Mean (95 % CI)

Absolute change from observed (95 % CI)

% change from observed (95 % CI)

Mean (95 % CI)

Absolute change from observed (95 % CI)

% change from observed (95 % CI)

Absolute change from FJ + WF vs. WF Model (95 % CI)

% change from FJ + WF vs. WF model (95 % CI)

Energy (kcal)

         

 Overalla

1946 (1883, 2009)

2075 (2012, 2137)

129 (125, 132)

6.6 (6.3, 6.9)

2045 (1982, 2108)

99 (96, 102)

5.1 (4.8, 5.3)

30 (29, 30)

1.4 (1.4, 1.5)

  Age 4–8yb

1684 (1642, 1726)

1772 (1731, 1812)

88 (82, 94)

5.2 (4.8, 5.6)

1754 (1713, 1795)

70 (65, 75)

4.2 (3.8, 4.5)

18 (16, 19)

1.0 (0.9, 1.1)

  Age 9–13yc

1906 (1839, 1974)

2033 (1970, 2096)

127 (117, 136)

6.6 (6.0, 7.3)

2002 (1938, 2066)

96 (89, 103)

5.0 (4.5, 5.5)

31 (29, 33)

1.5 (1.4, 1.7)

  Age 14–18yd

2151 (2030, 2273)

2308 (2184, 2433)

157 (151, 162)

7.3 (6.9, 7.6)

2272 (2148, 2396)

120 (116, 125)

5.6 (5.3, 5.9)

36 (35, 37)

1.6 (1.5, 1.7)

Vitamin C (mg)

         

 Overall

55 (50, 60)

125 (120, 129)

70 (68, 72)

127 (114, 140)

88 (84, 93)

33 (32, 34)

60.2 (54.0, 66.3)

37 (36, 38)

41.8 (39.3, 44.3)

  Age 4–8y

50 (41, 59)

96 (88, 104)

45 (42, 48)

90.1 (70.5, 110)

74 (65, 83)

24 (22, 25)

46.7 (36.6, 56.7)

22 (20, 23)

29.6 (24.9, 34.3)

  Age 9–13y

52 (45, 59)

123 (116, 129)

70 (66, 75)

135 (112, 158)

84 (78, 91)

32 (30, 34)

61.4 (50.8, 71.9)

38 (36, 41)

45.7 (41.1, 50.3)

  Age 14–18y

61 (51, 70)

146 (135, 156)

85 (83, 88)

141 (119, 163)

101 (91, 111)

40 (39, 42)

66.5 (56.0, 76.9)

45 (44, 47)

44.7 (40.5, 48.8)

Dietary fiber (gm)

         

 Overall

12.7 (12.1, 13.3)

13.6 (13.0, 14.3)

0.9 (0.9, 1.1)

7.5 (6.9, 8.1)

15.9 (15.3, 16.5)

3.2 (3.1, 3.3)

25.0 (23.2, 26.8)

−2.2 (−2.3, −2.1)

−14.1 (−14.9, −13.2)

  Age 4–8y

11.1 (10.5, 11.7)

12.0 (11.4, 12.6)

0.9 (0.8, 1)

8.4 (7.3, 9.5)

13.3 (12.8, 13.9)

2.3 (2.1, 2.4)

20.4 (18.5, 22.3)

−1.3 (−1.4, −1.2)

−9.9 (−10.8, −9.1)

  Age 9–13y

13.0 (12.0, 14.0)

13.8 (12.8, 14.7)

0.7 (0.7, 0.8)

5.7 (4.9, 6.6)

16.1 (15.2, 16.9)

3.1 (2.8, 3.3)

23.6 (20.5, 26.7)

−2.3 (−2.5, −2.2)

−14.5 (−16, −13)

  Age 14–18y

13.5 (12.6, 14.3)

14.6 (13.7, 15.5)

1.1 (1.1, 1.2)

8.5 (7.9, 9.1)

17.3 (16.4, 18.3)

3.9 (3.7, 4)

28.7 (26.9, 30.6)

−2.7 (−2.8, −2.6)

−15.7 (−16.6, −14.9)

Calcium (mg)

         

 Overall

1043 (988, 1099)

1166 (1112, 1220)

123 (119, 127)

11.8 (10.9, 12.6)

1064 (1009, 1119)

21 (20, 21)

2.0 (1.9, 2.1)

102 (99, 105)

9.6 (8.9, 10.3)

  Age 4–8y

1021 (956, 1086)

1097 (1032, 1162)

76 (71, 81)

7.4 (6.7, 8.1)

1036 (971, 1101)

15 (14, 16)

1.4 (1.3, 1.6)

61 (57, 65)

5.9 (5.3, 6.4)

  Age 9–13y

1029 (957, 1102)

1156 (1083, 1229)

127 (118, 135)

12.3 (11.1, 13.5)

1049 (977, 1122)

20 (19, 22)

2.0 (1.8, 2.1)

107 (99, 114)

10.2 (9.2, 11.1)

  Age 14–18y

1070 (987, 1154)

1221 (1136, 1305)

150 (145, 155)

14.0 (13.0, 15.1)

1096 (1012, 1179)

25 (24, 26)

2.4 (2.2, 2.5)

125 (121, 129)

11.4 (10.6, 12.3)

Potassium (mg)

         

 Overall

2084 (2004, 2163)

2467 (2389, 2544)

383 (371, 395)

18.4 (17.4, 19.4)

2378 (2300, 2457)

295 (285, 304)

14.1 (13.4, 14.9)

88 (86, 91)

3.7 (3.5, 3.9)

  Age 4–8y

1897 (1826, 1968)

2159 (2099, 2220)

262 (244, 280)

13.8 (12.5, 15.1)

2107 (2043, 2170)

209 (195, 224)

11.0 (10.0, 12.1)

53 (49, 56)

2.5 (2.3, 2.7)

  Age 9–13y

2002 (1914, 2091)

2379 (2285, 2474)

377 (350, 404)

18.8 (17.3, 20.4)

2287 (2194, 2380)

285 (263, 306)

14.2 (13.0, 15.4)

92 (86, 99)

4.0 (3.8, 4.3)

  Age 14–18y

2278 (2129, 2427)

2744 (2592, 2897)

467 (451, 482)

20.5 (19.1, 21.9)

2636 (2484, 2788)

358 (346, 371)

15.7 (14.7, 16.8)

108 (105, 112)

4.1 (3.8, 4.4)

Cost ($/d)

         

 Overall

4.33 (4.1, 4.56)

4.67 (4.44, 4.90)

0.34 (0.33, 0.35)

7.8 (7.3, 8.3)

4.97 (4.74, 5.21)

0.64 (0.62, 0.66)

14.9 (13.9, 15.9)

−0.31 (−0.32, −0.3)

−6.1 (−6.5, −5.8)

  Age 4–8y

3.49 (3.37, 3.6)

3.76 (3.64, 3.88)

0.28 (0.25, 0.3)

7.9 (7.2, 8.6)

3.94 (3.82, 4.06)

0.46 (0.43, 0.49)

13.1 (12.2, 14.1)

−0.18 (−0.2, −0.17)

−4.6 (−5.0, −4.3)

  Age 9–13y

4.24 (4.12, 4.35)

4.54 (4.42, 4.66)

0.3 (0.28, 0.33)

7.2 (6.5, 7.9)

4.86 (4.74, 4.97)

0.62 (0.58, 0.67)

14.7 (13.4, 16.0)

−0.32 (−0.34, −0.3)

−6.6 (−7.0, −6.1)

  Age 14–18y

4.96 (4.47, 5.45)

5.37 (4.87, 5.87)

0.41 (0.39, 0.43)

8.3 (7.6, 9.0)

5.75 (5.24, 6.25)

0.78 (0.76, 0.81)

15.8 (14.4, 17.2)

−0.37 (−0.39, −0.36)

−6.5 (−7.1, −6.0)

  1. a The mean shortfall in the overall population among those with a fruit shortfall was 1.09 (95 % CI 1.06, 1.12)
  2. b The mean shortfall among those 4–8y with a fruit shortfall was 0.78 (95 % CI 0.72, 0.83)
  3. c The mean shortfall among those 9–13y with a fruit shortfall was 1.05 (95 % CI 0.98, 1.13)
  4. d The mean shortfall among those 14–18y with a fruit shortfall was 1.33 (95 % CI 1.28, 1.37)
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BMC Pediatrics

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