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Table 4 Celiac disease risk in relation to each specific maternal and perinatal condition for all children and divided for boys and girls, respectively (Results from the multivariate analysis)

From: Maternal and perinatal conditions and the risk of developing celiac disease during childhood

Maternal and perinatal exposures

All children

 

Boys

Girls

OR (95 % CI)

P-value

OR (95 % CI)

P-value

OR (95 % CI)

P-value

Maternal age

<25

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

25–29

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.01

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.07

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.04

30–34

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.75

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.87

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.52

≥35

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

<0.001

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.01

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

<0.001

Disposable income

(per 100 SEK)

Low

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Middle

1.2 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.01

1.2 (1.1–1.3)

<0.001

High

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.01

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.002

Body mass index (kg/m2)

18.50–24.99

1.0

 

1.00

   

<18.50

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

0.85

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

0.90

  

25.00–29.99

0.9 (0.9–0.9)

0.04

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.03

  

≥30

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.09

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.04

  

Parity (n)

1

1.0

 

1.00

 

1.00

 
 

2

1.2 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

1.2 (1.0–1.3)

0.01

1.2 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

 

≥3

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.58

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.34

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.53

Duration of pregnancy

(weeks)

37–45

1.0

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

<37

0.9 (0.8–1.2)

0.86

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.62

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.90

Premature rupture of the membrane

No

1.00

 

1.00

   

Yes

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.02

0.4 (0.2–0.8)

0.01

  

Mode of delivery

Vaginal

  

1.00

   

Elective

  

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.02

  

Infant birth weight (grams)

≥2500

1.0

 

1.00

   

1500–2499

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.73

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

0.97

  

<1500

0.8 (0.5–1.2)

0.27

0.3 (0.1–0.9)

0.03

  

Sex

Male

1.0

     

Female

1.8 (1.7–1.9)

<0.001

    

Apgar score

at 5 min

≥7

1.0

   

1.00

 

<7

0.7 (0.5–0.9)

0.02

  

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

0.003

Maternal infectionsa

No

1.0

   

1.00

 

Yes

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

  

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

0.006

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SEK Swedish Krona
  2. Multivariate logistic regression including all variables found to be statistically significant (p <0.05) in the bivariate analyses (Table 3)
  3. aIncludes both urinary tract infections and other maternal infections