Maternal post-natal tobacco use and current parental tobacco use is associated with higher body mass index in children and adolescents: an international cross-sectional study

Table 1 Association between parental smoking and BMI of study participants (+/− kg/m², (SE) and P value)

No exposure to parental smoking		Mother smoked 1^st year of life	Mother currently smokes	Father currently smokes	Father currently smokes
No exposure to parental smoking		Mother smoked 1^st year of life	Mother currently smokes	High GNI countries	Low GNI countries
Children (N = 77 192)	14.66^a	+0.11 (0.04) P = 0.002	+0.07 (0.03) P = 0.03	+0.15 (0.02) P < 0.0001	−0.14 (0.05) P = 0.004
Adolescent Females (N = 98 238)	19.72^a	N/A	+0.22 (0.03) P < 0.0001	+0.18 (0.03) P < 0.0001	−0.05 (0.04) P = 0.17
Adolescent Males (N = 96 489)	19.78^a	N/A	+0.18 (0.03) P < 0.0001	+0.06 (0.03) P = 0.04	−0.03 (0.04) P = 0.48

^aEstimated BMIs for boys aged 7 years and adolescents aged 14 years. Associations stated are additive

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