Table 1 Subject characteristics

N

106

97

203

Age (years)

12.2 ± 2.5

11.8 ± 2.4

12.0 ± 2.4

 Yes

84 (79.2 %)

47 (48.5 %)

131 (64.5 %)

 No

22 (20.8 %)

50 (51.5 %)

72 (35.5 %)

 BMI (kg/m²)

28.5 ± 5.6

28.2 ± 4.9

28.3 ± 5.3

 BMI Z score

2.42 ± 0.58

2.68 ± 0.53^*

2.54 ± 0.57

 Waist C (cm)

83.8 ± 12.4

86.5 ± 11.5

85.1 ± 12.0

 Waist C Z score

2.22 ± 0.63

2.46 ± 0.58^*

2.33 ± 0.62

 WHtR^a

0.54 ± 0.06

0.56 ± 0.05^*

0.55 ± 0.06

 WHR^b

0.84 ± 0.06

0.89 ± 0.05^**

0.86 ± 0.06

 WHR Z score

0.71 ± 0.89

0.85 ± 0.95

0.78 ± 0.92

 Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

86.2 ± 6.8

86.9 ± 6.2

86.5 ± 6.5

 Fasting insulin (mUI/l)

17.5 ± 8.5

14.8 ± 8.3^*

16.2 ± 8.5

 HOMA IR

3.76 ± 1.98

3.21 ± 1.87^*

3.50 ± 1.94

 QUICKI

0.321 ± 0.024

0.330 ± 0.027^*

0.326 ± 0.026

 Triglycerides (mg/dl)

98.4 ± 58.4

90.0 ± 51.1

94.3 ± 55.1

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

54.4 ± 12.7

52.9 ± 12.1

53.7 ± 12.4

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

92.3 ± 29.0

93.0 ± 28.2

92.6 ± 28.6

 CRP (mg/l)

2.9 ± 4.1

3.2 ± 3.8

3.1 ± 4.0

 Fibrinogen (g/l)

3.7 ± 0.7

3.6 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.7

 Adiponectin (μg/ml)

8.0 ± 4.7

7.8 ± 4.5

7.9 ± 4.6

 Leptin (ng/ml)

38.7 ± 23.1

27.4 ± 16.1^**

33.3 ± 20.8

 Resistin (ng/ml)

5.3 ± 2.2

5.1 ± 2.0

5.2 ± 2.1

 Total fat mass (kg)

32.51 ± 14.29

30.11 ± 10.85

31.37 ± 12.80

 Trunk fat mass (kg)

15.07 ± 7.14

14.17 ± 5.87

14.64 ± 6.57

 Trunk/legs fat mass index

1.22 ± 0.24

1.27 ± 0.28

1.24 ± 0.26

 SBP (mmHg)

117 ± 12

118 ± 14

117 ± 13

 SBP Z score

0.99 ± 1.04

0.91 ± 1.10

0.95 ± 1.07

 DBP (mmHg)

71 ± 9

72 ± 8

72 ± 9

 DBP Z score

0.75 ± 0.78

0.81 ± 0.64

0.78 ± 0.71