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Table 3 Factors associated with severe stunting in children aged 0–23 months and 0–59 months

From: Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in Tanzania: evidence from the 2010 cross-sectional household survey

Characteristic

Severely stunted children 0–23 Months

Severely stunted children 0–59 Months

Unadjusted OR [95 % CI]

P

Adjusted OR [95 % CI]

p

Unadjusted OR [95 % CI]

p

Adjusted OR [95 % CI]

p

Parental factor

Maternal working status

 Non-working

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Working (past 12 months)

1.15 [0.77–1.70]

0.497

  

1.05 [0.78–1.40]

0.761

  

Maternal education

 Secondary and above

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary

3.44 [1.68–7.02]

0.001

3.63 [1.58–8.28]

0.002

3.28 [2.04–5.27]

<0.001

1.95 [1.12–3.41]

0.017

 No education

4.41 [2.22–8.76]

<0.001

4.86 [2.08–11.35]

<0.001

4.50 [2.74–7.39]

<0.001

2.57 [1.46–4.50]

0.001

Partner's occupation

 Non agriculture

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Agriculture

1.43 [1.01–2.03]

0.046

  

1.50 [1.22–1.84]

<0.001

  

 Not working

0.73 [0.38–1.41]

0.352

  

1.08 [0.72–1.61]

0.721

  

Partner's education

 Secondary and above

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary

1.99 [1.16–3.44]

0.013

  

2.57 [1.80–3.66]

<0.001

1.79 [1.19–2.71]

0.005

 No education

1.87 [1.03–3.40]

0.041

  

2.92 [1.94–4.39]

<0.001

1.71 [1.07–2.72]

0.022

Mother's age

 15–24 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

 25–34 years

0.98 [0.73–1.30]

0.873

  

1.14 [0.92–1.42]

0.212

  

 35-49 years

1.46 [0.99–2.14]

0.054

  

1.27 [0.96–1.66]

0.089

  

Mother's age at birth

 < 19 years

1.00

   

1.00

   

 20–29 years

0.61 [0.43–0.88]

0.009

  

0.87 [0.67–1.12]

0.293

  

 30–39 years

0.97 [0.64–1.47]

0.893

  

1.08 [0.81–1.45]

0.597

  

 40 and above

0.88 [0.44–1.76]

0.726

  

0.93 [0.57–1.52]

0.774

  

Marital status

 Currently married

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Formerly married+

1.49 [0.93–2.39]

0.099

  

1.33 [0.98–1.79]

0.064

  

 Never married

0.60 [0.33–1.10]

0.101

  

0.80 [0.52–1.22]

0.301

  

Birth order

 First-born

1.00

   

1.00

   

 2nd -4th

0.94 [0.65–1.35]

0.734

  

1.24 [0.98–1.56]

0.074

  

 5 or more

1.06 [0.71–1.57]

0.781

  

1.34 [1.02–1.72]

0.034

  

Preceding birth interval

 

 No previous birth

1.00

   

1.00

   

 < 24 months

1.28 [0.80–2.04]

0.296

  

1.52 [1.15–2.02]

0.003

  

 > 24 months

0.94 [0.65–1.34]

0.721

  

1.23 [0.97–1.54]

0.081

  

Place of delivery

 Home

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Health facility

0.68 [0.52–0.91]

0.010

  

0.68 [0.57–0.83]

<0.001

  

Mode of delivery

 Non-caesarean

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Caesarean

0.77 [0.34–1.72]

0.520

  

0.82 [0.49–1.35]

0.435

  

Type of delivery assistance

 Health professional

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Traditional birth attendant

1.70 [1.19–2.42]

0.003

  

1.88 [1.46–2.43]

<0.001

1.51 [1.15–1.99]

0.003

 Relatives and other

1.57 [1.14–2.19]

0.006

  

1.57 [1.27–1.94]

<0.001

1.34 [1.06–1.70]

0.014

 No one

0.89[0.34–2.34]

0.816

  

0.79 [0.47–1.33]

0.385

0.78 [0.44–1.39]

0.409

Antenatal clinic visits

 4+

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

 1-3.

1.22 [0.90–1.66]

0.179

1.23[0.89–1.67]

0.199

1.25 [1.01–1.54]

0.043

  

 None

2.62 [1.57–4.38]

<0.001

2.01[1.17–3.46]

0.012

1.38 [1.11–1.72]

0.004

  

Timing of postnatal check-up

 No check-ups&

1.00

   

1.00

   

 0-2 days

0.94 [0.66–1.34]

0.726

  

0.82 [0.64–1.06]

0.124

  

 3-6 days

1.11 [0.64–1.95]

0.703

  

1.11 [0.70–1.72]

0.684

  

 7 + days

0.75 [0.48–1.17]

0.207

  

0.84 [0.63–1.12]

0.239

  

Maternal BMI

 > 18.5 (kg/m2)

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 <= 18.5 (kg/m2)

1.77 [1.20–2.62]

0.004

1.59 [1.05–2.41]

0.028

1.67 [1.28–2.19]

<0.001

1.50 [1.11–2.02]

0.008

Child BF status

 Exclusive BF

1.00

   

1.00

   

 BF + water

0.84 [0.29–2.45]

0.756

  

0.71 [0.34–1.36]

0.303

  

 BF + supplements

1.74 [1.04–2.92]

0.035

  

0.96 [0.76–1.27]

0.772

  

 No BF

3.07 [1.80–5.23]

<0.001

  

1.16 [0.89–1.51]

0.270

  

Mother was literate

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.85 [0.65–1.09]

0.209

  

0.71 [0.60– 0.85]

<0.001

  

Listening to radio

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.89 [0.67–1.18]

0.445

  

0.80 [0.67–0.94]

0.009

  

Mother read newspaper/magazine

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.81 [0.55–1.19]

0.292

  

0.82 [0.64–1.04]

0.114

  

Mother watched TV

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.79 [0.51–1.21]

0.278

  

0.67 [0.50–0.90]

0.007

  

Child level factors

  Child’s age

1.06 [1.09–1.11]

<0.001

1.09 [1.07–1.12]

<0.001

1.00 [1.00–1.01]

0.002

  

Sex of baby

 Female

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Male

1.46 [1.13–1.89]

0.003

1.63 [1.22–2.16]

0.001

1.36 [1.17–1.58]

<0.001

1.45 [1.23–1.72]

<0.001

Size of baby

 Large

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Average

1.60 [1.15–2.24]

0.005

1.65 [1.18–2.31]

0.004

1.55 [1.25–1.90]

<0.001

1.48 [1.19–1.84]

<0.001

 Very small

3.06 [1.77–5.29]

<0.001

3.26 [1.80–5.90]

<0.001

2.54 [1.88–3.43]

<0.001

2.64 [1.92–3.63]

<0.001

Child had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.06 [0.75–1.51]

0.738

  

1.15 [0.92–1.42]

0.212

  

Child had fever in last 2 weeks

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.19 [0.87–1.62]

0.272

  

0.99 [0.78–1.25]

0.941

  

Household level factors

Wealth Index

        

 Poorest

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Poorer

1.01 [0.56–1.82]

0.979

  

1.50 [0.96–2.35]

0.074

  

 Middle

1.18 [0.64–2.18]

0.585

  

1.77 [1.19–2.63]

0.005

  

 Rich

1.51 [0.86–2.65]

0.147

  

2.29 [1.54–3.41]

<0.001

  

 Richest

1.52 [0.85–2.75]

0.159

  

2.39 [1.59–3.58]

<0.001

  

Source of drinking water

 Protected

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Unprotected

1.58 [1.15–2.18]

0.005

1.50 [1.05–2.14]

0.025

1.58 [1.29–1.94]

<0.001

1.22 [1.13–1.79]

0.003

Community level factors

Type of residence

 Rural

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

 Urban

1.06 [0.74–1.53]

0.734

1.52 [1.02–2.27]

0.040

1.54 [1.16–2.05]

0.003

  

Geographic Zones

 Northern

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Eastern

0.81 [0.40–1.60]

0.530

  

0.65 [0.35–1.03]

0.065

0.74 [0.43–1.27]

0.281

 Western

1.09 [0.69–1.73]

0.692

  

0.70 [0.48–1.02]

0.065

0.64 [0.42–0.95]

0.028

 Southern Highlands

1.28 [0.76–2.15]

0.351

  

1.15 [0.77–1.71]

0.473

1.13 [0.75–1.71]

0.546

 Lake

0.78 [0.45–1.37]

0.389

  

0.74 [0.48–1.16]

0.199

0.73 [0.46–1.13]

0.164

 Southern

0.98 [0.57–1.70]

0.961

  

0.97 [0.66–1.43]

0.888

0.96 [0.65–1.43]

0.876

 Central

1.53 [0.91–2.56]

0.105

  

1.31 [0.89–1.92]

0.165

1.15 [0.77–1.70]

0.484

 Zanzibar

0.93 [0.57–1.50]

0.765

  

0.59 [0.40–0.86]

0.007

0.80 [0.52–1.24]

0.327

  1. &(including missing)
  2. + (divorced/separated /widowed)
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