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Table 2 Factors associated with stunting in children aged 0-23 months and 0-59 months

From: Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in Tanzania: evidence from the 2010 cross-sectional household survey

Characteristic

Stunted children 0–23 Months

Stunted children 0–59 Months

 

Unadjusted OR [95 % CI]

P

Adjusted OR [95 % CI]

P

Unadjusted OR [95 % CI]

p

Adjusted OR [95 % CI]

p

Parental factor

Maternal working status

        

 Non-working

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Working (past 12 months)

1.57 [1.19–2.07]

0.002

  

1.23 [1.02–1.49]

0.029

  

Maternal education

 Secondary and above

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary

2.08 [1.33–3.26]

0.001

1.82 [1.15–2.86]

0.011

2.26 [1.61–3.18]

<0.0001

1.53 [1.07–2..19]

0.019

 No education

2.51 [1.59–3.96]

<0.001

2.26 [1.41–3.60]

0.001

2.54 [1.77–3.64]

<0.0001

1.61 [1.08–2.40]

0.019

Partner's occupation

 Not working

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

 Agriculture

1.57 [1.06–2.30]

0.023

1.62 [1.05–2.49]

0.027

1.42 [1.21–1.67]

<0.001

  

 Non agriculture

1.07 [0.72–1.59]

0.712

1.30 [0.80–2.04]

0.233

0.98 [0.72–1.32]

0.889

  

Partner's education

 Secondary and above

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Primary

2.19 [1.44–3.03]

<0.001

  

2.08 [1.58–2.14]

<0.001

  

 No education

1.74 [1.12–2.72]

0.014

  

2.02 [1.51–2.71]

<0.001

  

Mother's age (years)

 15–24

1.00

   

1.00

   

 25–34

0..86 [0.70–1.05]

0.145

  

0.92 [0.80–1.06]

0.246

  

 35–49

1.20 [0.93–1.55]

0.168

  

1.10 [0.93–1.31]

0.277

  

Mother's age at child’s birth (years)

 20–29

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

 30–39

1.21 [0.95–1.53]

0.111

1.18 [0.93–1.52]

0.175

1.15 [0.99–1.33]

0.060

  

 ≥ 40

1.47 [0.92–2.35]

0.106

1.66 [1.02–2.70]

0.040

1.13 [0.83–1.54]

0.259

  

 < 20

1.53 [1.17–2.01]

0.002

1.77 [1.27- 2.46]

0.001

1.28 [1.07–1.53]

0.006

  

Marital status

 Currently married

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Formerly married+

1.27 [0.87–1.84]

0.211

  

1.18 [0.94–1.48]

0.149

  

 Never married

0 .78 [0.53–1.15]

0.209

  

0.80 [0.57–1.11]

0.184

  

Birth order

 First-born

1.00

   

1.00

   

 2nd -4th

0.96 [0.74–1.24]

0.736

  

1.04 [0.89–1.22]

0.602

  

 5+

1.03 [0.77–1.36]

0.854

  

1.10 [0.92–1.31]

0.302

  

Preceding birth interval

 No previous birth

1.00

   

1.00

   

 < 24 months

1.09 [0.75–1.59]

0.644

  

1.25 [0.99–1.58]

0.066

  

 > 24 months

0.97 [0.75–1.24]

0.792

  

1.04 [0.89–1.20]

0.651

  

Place of delivery

 Home

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Health facility

0.81 [0.65–1.00]

0.053

  

0.76 [0.65–0.88]

<.0001

  

Type of delivery assistance

 Health professional

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Traditional birth attendant

1.44 [ 1.09–1.91]

0.010

  

1.55 [1.28–1.88]

<0.001

  

 Relatives or other

1.28 [0.99–1.64]

0.052

  

1.33 [1.13–1.57]

0.001

  

 No one

0.61 [0.32–1.16]

0.130

  

0.96 [0.68–1.37]

0.831

  

Mode of delivery

 Non-caesarean

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Caesarean

0.75 [0 .48–1.15]

0.188

  

0.70 [0.51–0.98]

0.035

  

Timing of postnatal check-up

        

 No check-ups&

1.00

   

1.00

   

 0-2 days

0.95 [0.73–1.25]

0.729

  

0.85 [0.70–1.03]

0.101

  

 3-6 days

1.04 [0.67–1.59]

0.874

  

0.99 [0.72–1.35]

0.927

  

 7 + days

0.71 [0.51–0.98]

0.040

  

0.73 [0.57–0.92]

0.011

  

Antenatal clinic visits

 None

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 1-3.

0.62 [0.39–0.98]

0.043

  

0.75 [0.65–0.87]

<0.001

0.78 [0.65–0.95]

0.017

 4+

0.59 [0.38–0.92]

0.020

  

0.71 [0.61–0.84]

<0.001

0.82 [0.65–1.02]

0.080

Maternal BMI (kgm−2)

 > 18.5

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 < 18.5

1.54 [1.17–2.03]

0.002

  

1.46 [1.21–1.77]

<0.001

1.38 [1.12–1.69]

0.002

Child BF status

 Exclusive BF

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 BF + water

0.94 [0.59–1.70]

0.836

  

1.04 [0.68–1.59]

0.869

1.09 [0.71–1.67]

0.668

 BF + supplements

2.11 [1.51, 2.94]

<0.001

  

1.20 [0.98–1.46]

0.076

1.26 [1.03–1.53]

0.022

 No BF

5.07 [3.40–7.56]

<0.001

  

1.69 [1.38–2.06]

<0.001

2.02 [1.65–2.46

<0.001

Mother is literate

 No

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

   

 Yes

0.93 [0.77–1.12]

0.450

1.36 [1.03–1.82]

0.032

0.82 [0.72–0.93]

0.003

  

Mother read newspaper

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.93 [0.70–1.24]

0.625

  

0.87 [0.71–1.07]

0.183

  

Mother listened to the radio

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.06 [0.87–1.29]

0.537

  

0 .92 [0.81–1.04]

0.190

  

Mother watched television

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

0.79 [0.57–1.08]

0.141

  

0.63 [0.50–0.81]

<0.001

  

Child level factors

        

 Child’s age

1.11 [1.09–1.13]

<0.001

1.11[1.10–1.13]

 

1.01 [1.01–1.02]

<0.001

  

Sex of baby

        

 Female

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Male

1.42 [1.17–1.73]

<0.001

1.66 [1.34–2.06]

<0.001

1.36 [1.21–1.52]

<0.001

1.39 [1.23–1.58]

<0.001

Size of baby

 Large

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Average

1.30 [1.03–1.64]

0.028

1.39 [1.09–1.77]

0.007

1.23 [1.07–1.40]

0.002

1.18 [1.03–1.34]

0.015

 Very small

1.93 [1.33–2.81]

<0.001

2.23 [1.47–3.38]

<0.001

1.82 [1.45–2.29]

<0.001

1.92 [1.52–2.43]

<0.001

Child had diarrhoea (past 2 weeks)

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.11 [0..87–1.41]

0.407

  

1.03 [0.87–1.22]

0.715

  

Child had fever in (past two weeks)

 No

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Yes

1.19 [0.96–1.46]

0.115

  

1.02 [0.88–1.18]

0.754

  

Household level factors

Household wealth index

 Richest

1.00

   

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Richer

1.35 [0.89–2.04]

0.155

  

1.68 [1.25–2.25]

0.001

1.40 [1.03–1.89]

0.030

 Middle

1.49 [0.99–2.26]

0.057

  

2.06 [1.55–2.74]

<0.001

1.67 [1.23–2.28]

0.001

 Poorer

1.49 [0.99–2.25]

0.057

  

2.12 [1.58–2.83]

<0.001

1.81 [1.34–2.45]

<0.001

 Poorest

1.85 [1.25–2.74]

0.002

  

2.48 [1.87–3.29]

<0.001

1.95 [1.43–2.65]

<0.001

Source of drinking water

 Protected

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Unprotected

1.48 [1.19–1.84]

<0.001

1.33 [1.04–1.70]

0.020

1.42 [1.23–1.63]

<0.001

1.26 [1.08–1.46]

0.002

Community level factors

Type of residence

        

 Urban

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Rural

1.40 [1.06–1.85]

0.019

  

1.76 [1.43–2.17]

<0.001

  

Geographic Zones

 Northern

1.00

   

1.00

   

 Eastern

0.84 [0.51–1.37]

0.486

  

0.62 [0.44–0.86]

0.005

  

 Western

1.35 [0.96–1.90]

0.085

  

0.95 [0.75–1.19]

0.640

  

 Southern Highlands

1.59 [1.05–2.39]

0.026

  

1.39 [1.01–1.90]

0.043

  

 Lake

0.93 [0.67–1.28]

0.654

  

0.83 [0.65–1.05]

0.124

  

 Southern

1.15 [0.78–1.71]

0.482

  

1.08 [0.85–1.38]

0.527

  

 Central

1.55 [1.09–2.19]

0.014

  

1.30 [0.99–1.70]

0.063

  

 Zanzibar

0.81 [0.58–2.18]

0.222

  

0.55 [0.43–0.71]

<0.001

  
  1. &(including missing)
  2. + (divorced/separated /widowed)
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