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Table 2 Predictive equations for fat-free mass based on children and adolescents and/or adults with normal weight, both normal weight and obese and obese only

From: Fat-free mass prediction equations for bioelectric impedance analysis compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in obese adolescents: a validation study

Author; reference (ref), BIA system

N (Male), age range y (n)

Age (y)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

FFM predictive equations

Statistics and cross-validation

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

Equations based on healthy non-obese children, adolescents and/or adults

Deurenberg’91 [18] ref: underwater weighing; BIA-101 (RJL)

827 (361 M), 7−15y (n = 166)

28 (17)

169.6 (14.3)

64.8 (17.2)

≤15y: 0.406*104*(H(m)2/Imp) + 0.360 W + 5.58H(m) + 0.56SEX – 6.48

R2 = 0.97, SEE = 1.68

16-83y (n = 661)

   

≥16y: 0.340 * 104 * (H(m)2/Imp) + 15.34H(m) + 0.273 W – 0.127AGE + 4.56SEX – 12.44

R2 = 0.93, SEE = 2.63

Deurenberg’90 [21] ref: underwater weighing; BIA101 (RJL)

246 (130 M); 10-15y: 71 M

12.8 (1.5)

159.0 (1.2)

47.2 (11.8)

0.438*104*(H(m)2/R) + 0.308 W + 1.6SEX + 7.04H(m) – 8.5

r = 0.99, SEE = 2.39

20 F

10.7 (1.0)

144.1 (7.7)

35.0 (6.5)

16-25y: 41 M

21.6 (2.8)

183.2 (6.3)

73.1 (5.9)

75 F

17.6 (3.6)

168.3 (6.7)

57.9 (9.5)

Houtkooper [19] ref: deuterium dilution; BIA101 (RJL)

95 (53 M),10-14y

12.3 (1.2)

153.6 (10.6)

47.0 (11.3)

0.61(H2/R) + 0.25 W + 1.31

R2 = 0.95, SEE = 2.1

Kyle [23] ref: DXA; BIA: Xitron4000b

343 (202 M); 22-94y, 20-29y; 21 M

 

178.7 (6.8)

75.2 (9.8)

−4.104 + 0.518(H2/R) + 0.231 W + 0.130Reac + 4.229SEX

r = 0.986, SEE = 1.72

22 F

 

165.4 (4.0)

61.7 (6.0)

30-39y; 77 M

 

178.2 (7.1)

79.1 (10.6)

29 F

 

166.4 (6.0)

61.8 (6.4)

40-49y 36 M

 

177.3 (7.3)

81.5 (8.1)

13 F

 

164.0 (6.7)

63.1 (9.9)

50-59y; 15 M

 

176.1 (4.9)

82.4 (10.5)

11 F

 

163.7 (5.3)

67.1 (11.7)

60-69y; 11 M

 

173.4 (4.5)

77.3 (10.1)

18 F

 

161.9 (6.6)

65.0 (11.2)

70-79y; 30 M

 

174.0 (6.5)

75.5 (9.6)

22 F

 

160.5 (6.2)

65.1 (11.6)

>80; 12 M

 

168.3 (6.1)

72.7 (8.7)

33 F

 

156.5 (3.9)

59.9 (8.6)

Suprasongsin [33] ref: Isotope dilution (H218O); BIA (RJL)

56 (28 M); age 8-26y

   

0.524(H2/R) + 0.415 W – 0.32

R2 = 0.96, SEE = 2.8

18 prepubertal

10.6 (0.3)

142.1 (2.3)

39.6 (2.7)

16 pubertal

13.7 (0.3)

164.7 (2.0)

54.2 (2.1)

8 adults

22.0 (0.7)

170.4 (3.1)

67.3 (3.6)

Equations based on healthy non-obese and obese children, adolescents and adults

Gray [22] ref: underwater weighing; BIA (RJL)

87 (25 M); 19−74y, M

41

178 (164–198)

99.6 (57.8-179.1)

M: 0.00139H2 - 0.0801R + 0.187 W + 39.830

R2 = 0.97

F

41

164 (152–177)

89 (51.0-148.6)

F: 0.00151H2 – 0.0344R + 0.140 W - 0.158AGE + 20.387

R2 = 0.92

Lukaski [34] ref: underwater weighing; BIA four terminal impedance plethysmograph (RJL)

114 (47 M), 18-50y, M

26.9 (8.0)

182.4 (9.1)

86.0 (16.4)

0.756(H2/R) + 0.110 W + 0.107Reac - 5.463

r = 0.99, SEE = 2.3

F

27.0 (6.4)

166.3 (8.3)

61.8 (10.4)

Scheafer [20] ref: 40 K spectrometry, BIA (Holtain Ltd)

112 (59 M), 3.9-19.3y,

11.8 (3.7)

150.2 (19.7)

42.8 (16.6)

0.65(H2/Imp) + 0.68AGE + 0.15

R2 = 0.975, RMSE = 1.98

Sun [35] ref :4-C model hydrostatic weighing, deuterium dilution and DXA; BIA RJL

1304; 12-94y, 412 white M

41.9 (20.1)

174.3 (11.1)

75.6 (16.2)

M:-10.68 + 0.65(H2/R) + 0.26 W + 0.02R

R2 = 0.90, RMSE = 3.9

114 black M

48.3 (19.3)

173.7 (8.6)

79.9 (15.4)

622 white F

42.4 (19.5)

162.9 (8.1)

65.4 (15.6)

F: −9.53 + 0.69(H2/R) + 0.17 W + 0.02R

R =0.83, SEE 2.9

156 black F

51.7 (18.4)

161.1 (8.7)

73.5 (17.1)

Equations based on healthy obese children, adolescents and adults

Haroun [10] ref: 3 C model (deuterium, BODPOD and WT; BIA: Tanita BC-418 MA)

78 (30 M), 5-22y

   

−2.211 + 1.115(H2/Imp)

R2 = 0.96, SEE = 2.31

M

12.0 (3.4)

152.4 (16.7)

65.1 (20.6)

F

11.3 (3.5)

148.0 (13.7)

60.1 (16.3)

Horie [36] ref: ADP (BODPOD) and FourF-BIA (Quadscan)

119 (36 M); M, age 18-62y, F (preoperative gastric bypass patients)

38.5 (11.7)

152.8 (25.1)

174.8 (8.2)

WT – (23.25 + 0.13AGE + 1 W + 0.09R – 0.80H)

R2 = 0.973

42.9 (11.4)

114.9 (17.6)

158.7 (6.9)

Lazzer [9] ref: DXA; BIS (Human IM plus II)

58 (27 M), 10-17y, severely obese subjects

14.2 (1.9)

164.0 (10.0)

92.5 (14.5)

0.87(H2/Imp) + 3.1

r = 0.91, RMSE = 2.7

Wabitsch [8] ref: Deuterium dilution (labeled water); BIA RJL

146 (68 M), 5-17y; obese white subjects

12.7 (3.0)

158.5 (15.7)

74.1 (22.3)

(0.35(H2/R) + 0.27AGE + 0.14 W – 0.12)/0.732

R2 = 0.96, SEE = 1.91

  1. M male; F female; T total (man and female); BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; W weight in kg; H height in cm; H(m) height in meters; AGE age in y ; R Resistance; Reac Reactance; Imp Impedance; FFM fat-free mass; SEX (M = 1,F = 0)