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Table 4 Mean (SD) of groups and corresponding mean difference between groups (95 % CI) reported for gait kinematics and temporal-spatial parameters at baseline (A), post treatment (B) and follow-up (C)

From: The orthotic and therapeutic effects following daily community applied functional electrical stimulation in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomised controlled trial

 

Group

Mean Difference between groups (95 % CI)

 

A

B

C

B

B

C

Outcome

Rx

Con

Rx

Rx

Con

Rx

Con

Rx FES - Con

Rx No FES - Con

Rx No FES - Con

 

No FES

 

FES

No FES

 

No FES

    

Initial contact ankle angle (°)

−7.8

−5.5

3.2

−5.1

−7.6

−6.1

−6.6

11.9

-

-

(6.7)

(8.2)

(6.1)

(7.9)

(8.2)

(7.8)

(8.1)

(6.8 to 17.1)*

Max. DF stance (°)

12.9

13.8

15

14.8

12.9

13

12.0

-

-

-

(5.7)

(7.6)

(4.5)

(4.4)

(6.6)

(4.9)

(7.3)

Max. DF swing (°)

−6.1

−4.6

3.4

−3.3

−3.8

−2.1

−4

8.1

-

-

(9.5)

(9.5)

(9.6)

(6.9)

(8.0)

(8.4)

(7.6)

(1.8 to 14.4)*

Toe-off ankle angle (°)

−7.9

−14.2

−11.2

−15.7

−16.2

−16.8

−16.2

-

-

-

(12.5)

(13.1)

(9.9)

(8.9)

(8.8)

(9.2)

(12.1)

Time in stancea

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.3

2.1

2.2

2.1

0.27

0.23

-

(0.3)

(0.3)

(0.3)

(0.3)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.3)

(0.05 to 0.49)*

(−0.001 to 0.47)*

Step length – hemia

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.06

-

-

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.003 to 0.126)*

Step length- non hemia

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

Ankle velocity before initial contacta

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.1)

(0.2)

(0.1)

(0.1)

(0.1)

Walking velocity (m/s)

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.2

0.04

−0.04

−0.04

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.2)

(0.09 to −0.12)

(−0.10 to 0.11)

(−0.09 to 0.02)

  1. Rx treatment group, Con control group, FES Functional Electrical Stimulation, −, Calculation and test not indicated; aValues reported are normalized dimensionless values; *p <0.05