Table 1 Characteristics of participants who completed either one questionnaire, compared to those who did not complete any questionnaire and those who completed both questionnaires
Characteristics | Completed both | Completed either one questionnaire | Did not complete any | *p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 210) | (n = 273) | (n = 260) | ||
Mother’s age (Mean ± SD) | 31.1 ± 0.3 | 30.4 ± 0.3 | 29.8 ± 5.2 | 0.022 |
Mother’s ethnicity, n (%) | 0.031 | |||
Chinese | 121(57.6) | 119 (43.6) | 129 (49.6) | |
Malay | 56(26.7) | 88 (32.2) | 72 (27.7) | |
Indian | 33(15.7) | 66 ( 24.2) | 59 (22.7) | |
Mother’s education, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
Below university level | 113(53.8) | 174(63.7) | 185(71.2) | |
University level and above | 97(46.2) | 99(36.3) | 75(28.8) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.509 | |||
Married | 205(97.6) | 262(96.0) | 249(95.8) | |
Not married | 5(2.4) | 11(4.0) | 11(4.2) | |
Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 0.201 | |||
Yes | 5(2.4) | 11(4.0) | 4(1.5) | |
No | 205(97.6) | 262(96.0) | 256(98.5) | |
Mothers BMI (kg/m2) at 26 weeks (mean ± SD) | 25.9 ± 0.3 | 26.7 ± 0.3 | 26.2 ± 4.4 | 0.104 |
Birth order, n (%) | 0.069 | |||
First child | 102(48.6) | 104(38.1) | 109(41.9) | |
Second child or more | 108(51.4) | 169(61.9) | 151(58.1) | |
Infant gestational age (Mean ± SD) | 38.6 ± 0.07 | 38.6 ± 0.06 | 38.5 ± 0.9 | 0.641 |
Infant gender | ||||
Female, n (%) | 106(50.5) | 129(47.3) | 121(46.5) | 0.669 |
Infant feeding patterns from 0 up to 6 months of age, n (%) | 0.009 | |||
Any breastfeeding < 4 months | 13( 6.2) | 10(3.7) | 6(2.3) | |
Any breastfeeding > 4 months | 179(85.2) | 215(78.7) | 212(81.5) | |
Formula fed only | 18(8.6) | 48(17.6) | 42(16.2) | |
Infants BMI z-score at different ages (mean ± SD) | ||||
Birth | −0.16(0.09) | 0.03(0.08) | −0.15(0.10) | 0.896 |
3 months | −0.14(0.08) | −0.15(0.09) | 0.006(0.12) | 0.317 |
6 months | 0.03(0.09) | −0.01(0.10) | −0.015(0.13) | 0.769 |
9 months | −0.12(0.09) | −0.18(0.09) | 0.06(0.12) | 0.332 |
12 months | −0.13(0.08) | −0.05(0.09) | 0.09(0.12) | 0.427 |
15 months | −0.03(0.09) | −0.06(0.09) | 0.06(0.12) | 0.662 |
18 months | −0.09(0.09) | −0.15(0.09) | 0.04(0.13) | 0.331 |
24 months | −0.05(0.09) | −0.12(0.09) | 0.07(0.14) | 0.899 |