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Table 2 Characteristics of the study participants according to blood pressure levels

From: Association of neck circumference and high blood pressure in children and adolescents: a case–control study

Variables

Normotensive (n = 1335)

Prehypertensive (n = 123)

Hypertensive (n = 489)

P*

n

%

n

%

n

%

Sex:

       

Boys

586

43.9

59

48.0

317

64.8

<0.001

Girls

749

56.1

64

52.0

172

35.2

 

Age (years):

       

12–13

782

58.6

65

52.8

206

42.1

<0.001

14–15

553

41.4

58

47.2

283

57.9

 

NC percentile categories:

       

<90th

1211

90.7

95

77.2

363

74.2

<0.001

≥90th

124

9.3

28

22.8

126

25.8

 

BMI categories:

       

Normal weight

1206

90.3

90

73.2

344

70.3

<0.001

Overweight/obesity

129

9.7

33

26.8

145

29.7

 

WC percentile categories:

       

<75th

1229

92.1

96

78.0

368

75.3

<0.001

≥75th

106

7.9

27

22.0

121

24.7

 

NC and BMI categories:

       

NC < 90th and normal weight

1131

84.7

81

65.9

306

62.5

<0.001

NC ≥ 90th and normal weight

75

5.6

9

7.3

38

7.8

 

NC < 90th and overweight/obesity

80

6.0

14

11.4

57

11.7

 

NC ≥ 90th and overweight/obesity

49

3.7

19

15.4

88

18.0

 

NC and WC percentile categories:

       

NC < 90th and WC < 75th

1147

85.9

81

65.9

318

65.0

<0.001

NC ≥ 90th and WC < 75th

82

6.2

15

12.1

50

10.2

 

NC < 90th and WC ≥75th

64

4.8

14

11.4

45

9.2

 

NC ≥ 90th and WC ≥75th

42

3.1

13

10.6

76

15.5

 

Age (years)

13.27 ± 1.07

13.41 ± 1.16

13.69 ± 1.06a, b

<0.001

Weight (kg)

49.68 ± 10.48

56.23 ± 13.06a

60.77 ± 13.25a, b

<0.001

Height (cm)

161.47 ± 9.26

163.65 ± 11.02

167.23 ± 9.01a, b

<0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

18.91 ± 2.81

20.82 ± 3.51a

21.62 ± 3.85a, b

<0.001

BAI

25.85 ± 3.42

27.07 ± 4.37a

26.72 ± 4.44a, b

<0.001

NC (cm)

31.49 ± 2.53

33.22 ± 2.68a

33.92 ± 2.90a, b

<0.001

WC (cm)

66.41 ± 7.11

71.45 ± 9.59a

73.19 ± 9.76a

<0.001

HC (cm)

89.84 ± 8.08

94.00 ± 8.59a

96.45 ± 8.93a, b

<0.001

MUAC (cm)

25.28 ± 2.87

27.07 ± 3.60a

27.90 ± 3.35a, b

<0.001

WHtR

0.41 ± 0.04

0.44 ± 0.05a

0.44 ± 0.06a

<0.001

WHR

0.74 ± 0.06

0.76 ± 0.07a

0.76 ± 0.07a

<0.001

SBP (mmHg)

110.75 ± 6.96

123.97 ± 4.29a

138.10 ± 9.73a, b

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

62.05 ± 6.38

66.65 ± 7.13a

69.51 ± 7.89a, b

<0.001

  1. NC neck circumference; BMI body mass index; WC waist circumference; BAI body adiposity index; HC hip circumferencel; MUAC mid-upper arm circumference; WHtR waist-to-height ratio; WHR waist-to-hip ratio; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure
  2. Values are percentages and mean ± SD (standard deviation)
  3. *Significant differences between the groups were determined by the chi-square (χ2) test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables
  4. aSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from normotensive participants
  5. bSignificantly different (P < 0.05) from prehypertensive participants
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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