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Table 4 Associations between early HIV-exposure and biochemical and school report resultsa, b

From: Growth and health outcomes at school age in HIV-exposed, uninfected Zambian children: follow-up of two cohorts studied in infancy

 

HUU

HEU

Unadjusted analysis

Adjusted analysisc

 

Mean (SD)

N

Mean (SD)

N

B (95 % CI)

P

B (95 % CI)

P

Blood pressure

Systolic (mmHg)

89 (9)

275

92 (11)

110

2.7 0.7, 4.7)

0.009

1.7 (−0.2, 3.5)

0.07

Diastolic (mmHg)

58 (8)

275

60 (9)

110

1.7 (0.1, 3.6)

0.07

1.4 (−0.4, 3.2)

0.13

Blood biochemistry

CRP (mg/L)d

1.40 (1.15, 1.70)

209

1.49 (1.07, 2.06)

91

0.06 (−0.31, 0.43)

0.74

0.15 (−0.23, 0.53)

0.44

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

159 (58)

260

152 (67)

106

3 (−10, 16)

0.67

0 (−14, 13)

1.0

Haemoglobin (g/L)

128 (12)

275

128 (14)

109

−0.3 (−3, 2)

0.83

−0.6 (−3, 2)

0.70

HbA1c (%)d

5.44 (5.37, 5.51)

276

5.38 (5.29, 5.48)

110

−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)

0.37

0 (−0.03, 0.02)

0.81

Glucose (mmol/L)

5.4 (1.2)

85

5.4 (0.7)

33

0 (−0.43, 0.43)

1.0

−0.03 (−0.49, 0.44)

0.90

School grades

Math (%)

77 (19)

98

65 (24)

27

−12.2 (−21.9, −3.6)

0.006

−9.6 (−18.3, −1.0)

0.029

English (%)

79 (18)

97

75 (24)

26

−3.2 (−11.8, 5.4)

0.46

−0.6 (−9.2, 7.9)

0.88

  1. a Includes all HEU children not known to be HIV-positive
  2. bCRP C-reactive protein, CI-confidence interval, HEU HIV-exposed, uninfected, HUU HIV-unexposed, uninfected
  3. cAdjusted for age, sex, mother’s marital status, mother’s education, father’s education, mother’s occupation, father’s occupation and asset index tertile
  4. dGeometric means and 95 % CIs are presented for HUU and HEU results for ease of interpretation but regression coefficients are from the analyses using data transformed to natural logs