Growth and health outcomes at school age in HIV-exposed, uninfected Zambian children: follow-up of two cohorts studied in infancy

Table 3 Associations of early HIV exposure with anthropometry and body composition – HUU children and all HEU children not confirmed HIV-positive^a,b

	Adjusted for age and sex^c (coefficient, 95 % CI)	P	Fully adjusted^d (coefficient, 95 % CI)	P
Raw measures (n = 388)
Weight (kg)	−0.93 (−2.15, 0.29)	0.13	−0.03 (−1.20, 1.15)	0.96
Height (cm)	−0.27 (−1.48, 0.94)	0.66	0.46 (−0.74, 1.67)	0.45
BMI (kg/m²)	−0.53 (−1.07, 0.01)	0.055	−0.19 (−0.71, 0.33)	0.48
Waist circumference (cm)	−0.77 (−2.03, 0.49)	0.23	−0.10 (−1.36, 1.15)	0.87
Hip circumference (cm)	−1.74 (−3.24, −0.24)	0.023	−0.56 (−1.98, 0.86)	0.44
Thigh circumference (cm)	−0.95 (−1.94, 0.04)	0.06	−0.31 (−1.27, 0.66)	0.53
MUAC (cm)	−0.63 (−1.23, −0.04)	0.037	−0.21 (−0.78, 0.37)	0.48
Triceps skinfold (mm)	−0.57 (−1.35, 0.21)	0.15	−0.02 (−0.76, 0.73)	0.97
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	−0.61 (−1.31, 0.10)	0.09	−0.15 (−0.83, 0.53)	0.66
Z scores (n = 388)
Height-for-age	−0.03 (−0.24, 0.17)	0.75	0.09 (−0.11, 0.30)	0.38
BMI-for age	−0.18 (−0.44, 0.08)	0.18	−0.03 (−0.28, 0.22)	0.81
Bioelectrical impedance^b (n = 373)
Total fat percent	−1.21 (−2.22, −0.21)	0.018	−0.64 (−1.62, 0.34)	0.20
Trunk fat percent	−1.06 (−2.07, −0.05)	0.039	−0.56 (−1.56, 0.43)	0.27
Leg fat percent	−1.29 (−2.31, −0.28)	0.013	−0.73 (−1.72, 0.26)	0.15
Arm fat percent	−1.16 (−2.15, −0.18)	0.021	−0.68 (−1.65, 0.29)	0.17

^aBMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, MUAC mid-upper arm circumference, HEU HIV-exposed, uninfected, HUU HIV-unexposed, uninfected
^bCoefficients are differences between HEU and HUU controls
^cAdjusted for age and sex for raw measures and bioelectrical impedance but not for Z scores
^dAdjusted for age, sex, mother’s marital status, mother’s education, father’s education, mother’s occupation, father’s occupation and asset index tertile; Z scores not adjusted for age and sex

ISSN: 1471-2431