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Table 3 Odds Ratios for association between individual-, school- and city-level variables with self-reported verbal bullying victimization - Multilevel Analysis

From: Individual and contextual factors associated with verbal bullying among Brazilian adolescents

Variable

Bullying (%)

Unadjusted model

Model 1

Model 2

Crude OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL

    

Gender

    

Female

13.1

1

1

1

Male

15.4

1.33 (1.26-1.39)

1.39 (1.32-1.47)

1.39 (1.31-1.47)

Age

    

16y or more

12.6

1

1

1

15y

12.3

1.10 (1.00-1.21)

1.21 (1.08-1.36)

1.21 (1.07- 1.35)

14y

14.7

1.25 (1.15- 1.37)

1.50 (1.35-1.66)

1.49 (1.34 -1.66)

≤13y

15.3

1.34 (1.22 -1.47)

1.63 (1.46-1.82)

1.62 (1.45 -1.82)

Race/color

    

White

14.7

1

1

1

Brown or mixed-race

13.4

0.91 (0.86-0.97)

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

0.94 (0.89 -1.01)

Black

14.6

1.03 (0.95-1.12)

1.02 (0.93-1.12)

1.03 (0.94 -1.13)

Asian

14.9

0.98 (0.86-1.11)

1.05 (0.91-1.21)

1.05 (0.91 -1.21)

Native Brazilian Indian

16.2

1.14 (1.02-1.28)

1.17 (1.03-1.34)

1.17 (1.03 -1.34)

Maternal Educational level

    

Complete higher education

14.5

1

1

1

Complete high school

14.2

1.00 (0.92-1.07)

1.01 (0.94-1.10)

1.03 (0.94 -1.12)

Complete middle school

14.1

0.99 (0.90-1.08)

1.03 (0.94-1.14)

1.05 (0.95- 1.16)

Incomplete middle school

14.4

0.99 (0.91-1.07)

1.08 (0.99-1.18)

1.10 (1.00- 1.21)

Tertiles GS score

    

1° tertile

13.6

1

1

1

2° tertile

14.8

1.03 (0.97-1.09)

0.99 (0.93-1.07)

0.98 (0.91- 1.05)

3° tertile

14.1

1.01 (0.95-1.07)

0.95 (0.87-1.02)

0.91 (0.84- 0.99)

Family Arrangement

    

Live with both parents

13.3

1

1

1

Live with only one parent

15.4

1.10 (1.04-1.15)

1.07(1.01-1.13)

1.07 (1.01-1.13)

Other arrangements

14.2

1.11 (1.01-1.23)

1.14 (1.01-1.28)

1.14 (1.02- 1.29)

Domestic violence

    

None

12.8

1

1

1

Once

22.5

2.09 (1.91-2.28)

2.09 (1.89-2.31)

2.09 (1.89- 2.31)

Twice or more

29.4

3.35 (3.05-3.67)

3.41 (3.08-3.79)

3.37 (3.04- 3.74)

Nutritional status

    

Eutrophic

13.3

1

1

1

Underweight

16.0

1.44 (1.26-1.64)

1.50 (1.29-1.74)

1.50 (1.29- 1.74)

Overweight

15.4

1.16 (1.09-1.24)

1.17 (1.09-1.26)

1.17 (1.08- 1.26)

Obese

19.3

1.45 (1.33-1.58)

1.41 (1.27-1.56)

1.40 (1.27- 1.55)

SCHOOL-LEVEL

    

Administrative status

    

Public

14.0

1

 

1

Private

14.8

1.11 (1.04-1.18)

 

1.17 (1.04-1.31)

GS score a (school mean)

    

1sttertile

13.5

1

 

1

2nd tertile

14.7

1.08 (1.00-1.16)

 

1.02 (0.94-1.12)

3rd tertile

14.4

1.11 (1.04-1.18)

 

0.96 (0.85- 1.08)

Coefficient of variation

    

1st tertile (GS score)

14.6

1

 

1

2nd tertil

14.1

1.03 (0.96-1.11)

 

1.11 (1.02-1.21)

3rd tertil

13.8

0.94 (0.88-1.02)

 

1.07 (0.97- 1.18)

CITY-LEVEL

    

Homicide rate

    

1st tertile

14.9

1

 

1

2nd tertile

14.1

0.91 (0.81-1.02)

 

0.94 (0.83-1.05)

3rd tertile

13.4

0.99 (0.89-1.11)

 

1.00 (0.89-1.12)

GINI Index

    

1st tertile

14.3

1

 

1

2nd tertile

13.2

0.99 (0.89-1.12)

 

0.94 (0.83- 1.06)

3rd tertile

13.7

1.02 (0.91-1.15)

 

0.96 (0.85- 1.08)

Tertiles of per capita income

    

1st tertile

13.3

1

 

1

2nd tertile

14.5

0.98 (0.88-1.09)

 

0.98 (0.87- 1.10)

3rd tertile

15.9

1.13 (1.02-1.26)

 

1.11 (0.97- 1.27)

  1. Model 1: adjusted by all individual-level covariates; Model 2: adjusted by individual-level, school-level and city-level covariates. aGoods and Services Score.
  2. OR = Odds Ratio.
  3. Bold data reflect statistical significance (p<.05).
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