From: Trends in neonatal mortality in Nigeria and effects of bio-demographic and maternal characteristics
Factors | 1990 | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI |
Socio-economic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
North West | 1.80 | 1.46 - 2.25* | 2.13 | 1.51 - 3.02* | 2.09 | 1.79 - 2.46* | 1.22 | 0.95-1.57 |
North East | 1.04 | 0.76 - 1.40 | 2.36 | 1.66 - 3.37* | 2.01 | 1.70 - 2.36* | 1.10 | 0.84-1.45 |
North Central | 0.99 | 0.71 - 1.39 | 1.76 | 1.19 - 2.60* | 1.59 | 1.34 - 1.89* | 0.89 | 0.66-1.22 |
South East | 1.29 | 0.98 - 1.69 | 0.87 | 0.55 - 1.38 | 1.79 | 1.48 - 2.18* | 1.17 | 0.84-1.63 |
South South | 0.88 | 0.63 - 1.23 | 1.82 | 1.19 - 2.76* | 1.55 | 1.29 - 1.87* | 0.94 | 0.68-1.32 |
South West (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Urban Residence | 0.76 | 0.65 - 0.90* | 0.59 | 0.49 - 0.72* | 0.64 | 0.58 - 0.71* | 0.77 | 0.65-0.91* |
Maternal education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None (Ref) | Â | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | Â | 1.00 |
Primary | 0.77 | 0.64 - 0.92* | 0.88 | 0.72 - 1.07 | 0.83 | 0.76 - 0.91* | 1.09 | 0.90-1.32 |
Secondary and higher | 0.57 | 0.43 - 0.75* | 0.43 | 0.34 - 0.55* | 0.61 | 0.55 - 0.68* | 0.78 | 0.66-0.93* |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Currently married/in union | 0.73 | 0.51 - 1.06 | 0.98 | 0.69 - 1.38 | 0.81 | 0.68 - 0.96* | 0.75 | 0.55-1.01 |
Improved drinking water source | Â | Â | 0.99 | 0.84 - 1.17 | 0.75 | 0.70 - 0.81* | 0.94 | 0.82-1.09 |
Improved toilet facility | 0.84 | 0.71 - 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.65 - 0.91* | 0.92 | 0.85 - 0.99* | 0.88 | 0.76-1.02 |
Healthcare characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Antenatal care | 0.56 | 0.48 - 0.66* | 0.59 | 0.46 - 0.78* | 0.74 | 0.65 - 0.83* | 0.58 | 0.49-0.69* |
Skilled delivery | 0.76 | 0.64 - 0.89* | 0.69 | 0.57 - 0.83* | 0.69 | 0.64 - 0.75* | 0.88 | 0.75-1.03 |
TT injection in pregnancy | 0.50 | 0.43 - 0.59* | 0.63 | 0.48 - 0.82* | 0.71 | 0.63 - 0.80* | 0.89 | 0.72-1.09 |
CS- delivery | 1.46 | 0.91 - 2.35 | 0.35 | 0.16 - 0.77* | 1.11 | 0.81 - 1.52 | 2.44 | 1.70-3.49* |
Delivery at health facility | 0.61 | 0.51 - 0.73* | 0.54 | 0.44 - 0.66* | 0.67 | 0.61 - 0.73* | 0.92 | 0.79-1.08 |
Bio-demographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex of baby | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male vs Female | 1.19 | 1.02 - 1.39* | 1.14 | 0.97 - 1.35 | 1.15 | 1.07 - 1.24* | 1.33 | 1.15-1.54* |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1 | 1.16 | 0.91 - 1.47 | 1.42 | 1.13 - 1.79* | 1.09 | 0.98 - 1.22 | 1.59 | 1.31-1.95 |
2 and 3 (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
4+ | 1.28 | 1.06 - 1.55* | 1.27 | 1.04 - 1.54* | 1.19 | 1.09 - 1.30* | 1.09 | 0.91-1.29 |
Size of baby at birth | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Large (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
Average | 0.97 | 0.81 - 1.17 | 1.04 | 0.86 - 1.25 | 1.09 | 1.00 - 1.19 | 1.16 | 0.98-1.38 |
Small | 1.82 | 1.46 - 2.27* | 1.62 | 1.31 - 2.01* | 1.79 | 1.63 - 1.98* | 2.63 | 2.19-3.16* |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<24Â months | 1.64 | 1.38 - 1.95* | 1.83 | 1.51 - 2.21* | 1.92 | 1.76 - 2.09 | 2.08 | 1.75-2.47* |
> = 24 months (Ref) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
Maternal age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<20Â years | 1.20 | 0.98 - 1.47 | 1.36 | 1.10 - 1.68* | 1.51 | 1.37 - 1.67* | 1.54 | 1.27-1.85* |
20 - 35Â years (Ref) | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â | 1.00 | Â |
36 years and above | 1.29 | 1.04 - 1.62* | 1.25 | 0.99 - 1.57 | 1.21 | 1.09 - 1.35 | 1.22 | 0.99 – 1.50 |