Table 2 Associations between parental sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and psychosocial factors and antibiotic use in 8-month old children, Malmö, Sweden.
Characteristics | Use of antibiotics n (%) | Crude OR 95% CI | Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 1a) | Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 2b) | Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 3c) | Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 4d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parents' country of birth | ||||||
Parents born in Sweden | 837 (20.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
One parent born in Sweden | 254 (20.9) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1.09 (0.91–1.32) | |
Parents born outside Sweden | 378 (27.4) | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) | 1.47 (1.28–1.70) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | 1.73 (1.44–2.07) | |
Maternal educational level | ||||||
> 12 years | 800 (20.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
10–12 years | 512 (24.2) | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | 1.28 (1.12–1.45) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | |
≤ 9 years | 202 (28.9) | 1.61 (1.34–1.93) | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) | 1.47 (1.19–1.80) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | |
Maternal employment status | ||||||
Parental leave | 1254 (22.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Working | 117 (19.8) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) |
Other | 141 (24.2) | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
No | 1353 (22.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 138 (25.1) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) | 1.20 (0.97–1.47) | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) |
Environmental smoking | ||||||
No | 1207 (21.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 313 (25.5) | 1.25 (1.09–1.45) | 1.27 (1.10–1.47) | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) |
Economic stress | ||||||
No | 1334 (21.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 124 (30.0) | 1.55 (1.24–1.93) | 1.58 (1.27–1.98) | 1.47 (1.16–1.86) | 1.38 (1.08–1.75) | 1.44 (1.09–1.91) |
Emotional support | ||||||
High | 1239 (21.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Low | 266 (28.4) | 1.47 (1.26–1.71) | 1.49 (1.27–1.74) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61) | 1.29 (1.07–1.54) | 1.40 (1.13–1.73) |