Effect of maternal calcium intake during pregnancy on children's blood pressure: A systematic review of the literature

Table 4 Maternal calcium intake during pregnancy and blood pressure in the offspring. Summary of results from observational studies.

Outcome measure	Age at follow-up	Calcium Source†	Maternal calcium intake (mg)	N	Offspring blood pressure in mm Hg, by quartiles of maternal calcium intake				Crude effect size (95%CI)‡	p value	Adjusted effect size (95% CI)*	p value
					low	med-low	med-high	high
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
McGarvey 1990	At Birth	F+S	1712	212	71.5	70.8	70.2	69.9	-0.84 (-3.69 to 2.01)	0.56	NA
McGarvey 1990	1 month	F+S	1712	184	82.4	81.8	77.9	75.5	-6.13 (-9.32 to -2.94)	< 0.01	-4.28 (-7.12 to -1.44)	< 0.01
McGarvey 1990	6 month	F+S	1712	114	87.0	85.7	83.5	84.1	-3.84 (-7.81 to 0.13)	0.06	-3.08 (-6.66 to 0.50)	0.08
	6 month	F			91.5	90.2	90.4	88.4	-0.30 (-1.29 to 0.69)	0.55	-0.04 (-1.10 to 1.00)	0.55
Gillman 2004	6 month	S	1494	936	91.1	90.3	91	90.3	-3.10 (-4.78 to -1.42)	< 0.01	-3.00 (-4.90 to -1.10)	< 0.01
McGarvey 1990	12 month	F+S	1712	70	89.6	85.8	85.3	86.2	-4.28 (-8.94 to 0.38)	0.72	-3.40 (-8.40 to 1.69)	0.14
Morley 2004	9 years	S	NA	294	96.4		95.6		-0.80 (-4.17 to 2.57)	0.64	-0.70 (-4.20 to 2.70)	0.70
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
McGarvey 1990	At Birth	F+S	1712	212	42.1	42.6	41.8	41.7	0.21 (-2.64 to 3.06)	0.88	NA
McGarvey 1990	1 month	F+S	1712	184	41.0	43.1	41.2	40.9	-0.95 (-3.72 to 1.82)	0.50	-1.91 (-4.96 to 0.87)	0.18
McGarvey 1990	6 month	F+S	1712	114	56.9	51.9	48.6	50.3	-5.89 (-9.95 to -1.83)	< 0.01	-4.28 (-7.90 to -0.66)	0.01
McGarvey 1990	12 month	F+S	1712	70	53.1	49.1	47.6	49.7	-4.80 (-9.39 to -0.01)	0.05	-5.19 (-10.37 to 0.01)	0.07
Morley 2004	9 years	S	NA	294	52.6		51.8		-0.80 (-2.80 to 1.20)	0.40	-0.90 (-2.90 to 1.10)	0.40

‡ Regression coefficient between maternal calcium intake and blood pressure.
* See table 2 for the list of variables of variables included in the models for each study.
† F calcium from food sources, S calcium from supplements.

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