Table 3 Source for questions measuring development, behavior, and parental concerns and anxiety
Outcome | Question number in questionnaire* | Score range | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Development and behavior | |||
Motor development | 6 (a–h) | 0–16 | Griffiths Mental Development Scales [23], Denver Developmental screening test [24] |
Speech Development Language development | 10 (a–c) 10 (d–g) | 0–6 0–8 | General Language Screen**, parent completed questionnaire for 3 year olds [25]. Validated against four standardised speech and language tests administered by an assessor. |
Cognitive ability (non-verbal) | 11 (a–g) | 0–7 | PARCA3** (Parent Report of Children's Abilities) [6] validated for 3 year olds against the MacCarthy Scale |
Behavior | 13 (a–y) | 1–16 | 'Strengths and difficulties questionnaire' (SDQ), validated in 3 to 16 year olds against clinician assessment of behavior disorder [10,12]. Entire questionnaire, published translations, and scoring algorithm used. |
Parental concerns, specialist referral, and parental anxiety | |||
Parental concerns a) Learning, behavior, development b) Speech and language | 5 8 | 1–3 1–3 | Adapted from PEDS** (Parent Evaluation of Developmental Status). Predicts risk for developmental and behavioral problems and the need for clinical assessment.[26,27] |
Impact of behavior on family | 14, 14a–d | 0–2 | SDQ questionnaire [10,12,28] |
Parental anxiety | 25,26,27 | 0–15 | Adaptation of rating scales for measuring anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum [29] in relation to antenatal screening (numbered six point horizontal scale with verbal anchors at extremes). |
Child completed questions | |||
Cognitive and fine motor skills Copying a line, circle, and cross. Draw a man | 12 (a–c) 30 | 0–3 1–24 | The child's ability to copy a circle, line and cross was assessed using scoring and normative data available from the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration [30]. The 'draw a man' was scored using a standardised system and normative data from the Goodenough Draw a Man test [31], using raw scores. |
Confounding variables | |||
Education level achieved | 28 | 0–3 | Educational level achieved based on standard categories defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for Europe.[32] |