Skip to main content

Table 2 Factors associated with death, pediatric trauma and injury: univariate analysis

From: Risk prediction score for death of traumatised and injured children

Factors

Group

   

Death n (%)

Survival n (%)

OR

95% CI

P-value

Demographics domain

     

Age, years

 0–5

113 (1.2)

9,342 (98.8)

1.8

1.4–2.4

<0.001

 6–12

131 (1.2)

10,478 (98.8)

3.01

2.1–4.3

 

 13–19

496 (2.1)

23,001 (97.9)

  

Sex

 Female

175 (1.4)

12,503 (98.6)

1

 

0.001

 Male

565 (1.8)

30,318 (98.2)

1.3

1.1–1.6

 

Weight, kilograms

 ≤25

147 (1.2)

12,335 (98.8)

1

 

<0.001

 26– 45

134 (1.3)

9,909 (98.7)

1.1

0.9–1.4

 

 46–55

227 (2.1)

10,504 (97.8)

1.8

1.5–2.2

 

 >55

232 (2.3)

10,073 (97.8)

1.9

1.6–2.4

Pre-hospital domain

     

Duration of transport, hours

     

 ≤ 1

142 (1.7)

8,312 (98.3)

1.2

0.9–1.5

 

 1–2

299 (2.0)

14,443 (98.0)

1.5

1.2–1.8

 

 2–3

138 (1.6)

8,555 (98.4)

1.2

0.9–1.5

 

 >3

161 (1.4)

11,511 (98.6)

1

 

0.001

Airway management domain

     

 No intervention

224 (0.6) 81

38,704 (99.4)

1

 

<0.001

 Adjuncts

(3.9)

1,975 (96.1)

7.1

5.5–9.2

 

 Intubation

435 (16.9)

2,141 (83.1)

35.1

29.7–41.5

Mechanisms and injury regions domain

     

Velocity-, Gravity-related mechanism

     

 Velocity

41 (2.6)

1,541 (97.4)

3.0

2.0–4.3

<0.001

 Gravity

97 (1.2)

8,160 (98.8)

1.3

1.0–1.8

 

 Both

510 (2.2)

22,844 (97.8)

2.5

2.0–3.1

 None

92 (0.9)

10,276 (99.1)

1

 

Mechanism of injury

     

 Penetrating

69 (1.2)

5,871 (98.8)

1

 

<0.001

 Blunt

536 (1.7)

30,946 (98.3)

1.5

1.1–1.9

 

 Both

56 (2.9)

1,887 (97.1)

2.5

1.8–3.6

 Non-classified

79 (1.9)

4,117 (98.1)

1.6

1.2–2.3

No. of injured sites

    

 0

82 (2.2)

3,636 (97.8)

1

 

<0.001

 1

168 (0.7)

25,519 (99.4)

0.3

0.2–0.4

 

 2

159 (1.8)

8,579 (98.2)

0.8

0.6–1.1

 ≥3

331 (6.1)

5,087 (93.9)

2.9

2.3–3.7

Trauma body regions

     

Brain, head,neck

     

 Yes

527 (4.8)

10,355 (95.2)

7.8

6.6–9.1

<0.001

 No

213 (0.6)

32,466 (99.4)

1

  

Face

     

 Yes

43 (1.5)

2,903 (98.5)

0.8

0.6–1.2

0.298*

 No

697 (1.7)

39,918 (98.3)

1

  

Thorax

     

 Yes

124 (13.1)

821 (86.9)

10.3

8.4–12.6

<0.001

 No

616 (1.4)

42,000 (98.5)

1

  

Abdomen, pelvis

     

 Yes

143 (7.6)

1,743 (92.4)

5.6

4.7–6.8

<0.001

 No

597 (1.4)

41,074 (98.6)

1

  

Musculoskeletal

    

 Yes

161 (0.9)

18,045 (99.1)

0.4

0.3–0.5

<0.001

 No

579 (2.3)

24,776 (97.7)

1

  

External soft tissues

     

 Yes

171 (1.0)

16,196 (99.0)

0.5

0.4–0.6

< 0.001

 No

569 (2.1)

39,918 (97.9)

1

  

Wound types

    

 Large, open (major)

449 (2.7)

16,195 (97.3)

2.0

1.5–2.7

<0.001

 Small, closed (minor)

247 (1.0)

23,466 (99.0)

0.8

0.5–1.0

 

 None

44 (1.4)

3,160 (98.6)

1

 

Fracture types

     

 Open, multiple

115 (4.0)

2,756 (96.0)

2.5

2.0–3.0

<0.001

 Single

198 (1.3)

14,962 (98.7)

0.8

0.7–0.9

 

 None

427 (1.7)

25,103 (98.3)

1

  

Severity domain

    

Total GCS In-Hospital

     

 <9

389 (18.6) 351

1,700 (81.4)

26.8

22.9–31.4

<0.001

 ≥9

(0.9)

41,121 (99.1)

1

 

Vital sign domain

     

PR

     

 Bradycardia

66 (15.1)

370 (84.9)

16.4

12.4–21.7

<0.001

 Tachycardia

291 (3.8)

7,313 (96.2)

3.7

3.1–4.3

 

 Normal

383 (1.1)

35,138 (98.9)

1

 

SBP

    

 Abnormal

164 (7.7)

1,960 (92.3)

5.9

5.0–7.1

<0.001

 Normal

576 (1.4)

40,861 (98.6)

1

  

RR

     

 Tachypnea

611 (2.1)

28,986 (97.9)

2.3

1.9–2.7

<0.001

 Normal

129 (0.9)

13,835 (99.1)

1

  

Consciousness (AVPU)

     

 Awake

313 (0.8)

39,722 (99.2)

1

 

<0.001

 Verbal

33 (2.8)

1,161 (97.2)

3.6

2.5–5.2

 

 Pain stimulus

30 (7.4)

377 (92.6)

10.1

6.8–14.9

 Unresponsiveness

364 (19.0)

1,561 (81.1)

29.6

25.0–35.0

Back to article page

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us