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Table 1 Participant characteristics in relation to lowest quartile maternal and infant NCATS score and child obesity

From: Maternal-infant relationship quality and risk of obesity at age 5.5 years in a national US cohort

 

Na(%)

Lowest quartile maternal NCATS

Lowest quartile infant NCATS

Obesity at 5.5 yc

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

% (95% CI)

Total

5650

23.3 (21.3 – 25.4)

23.1 (21.7 – 24.5)

17.3 (15.9 – 18.7)

Sex

    

   Female

2800 (49.3)

22.6 (20.2 – 25.1)

22.3 (20.5 – 24.1)

16.3 (14.2 – 18.3)

   Male

2850 (50.7)

24.0 (21.6 – 26.4)

23.9 (21.6 – 26.2)

18.4 (16.2 – 20.5)

P -value b

 

.69

.66

.17

Birth weight

    

   <1500 grams

550 (1.2)

29.4 (24.9 – 34.0)

31.1 (26.2 – 36.1)

8.8 (6.0 – 11.7)

   1500 – <2500 grams

850 (6.1)

26.4 (22.5 – 30.3)

27.6 (23.7 – 31.6)

12.3 (9.3 – 15.2)

   2500 – < 3000 grams

1050 (16.8)

27.0 (22.7 – 31.2)

26.0 (21.6 – 30.3)

13.2 (10.3 – 16.1)

   3000 – < 3500 grams

1650 (37.9)

23.4 (20.3 – 26.5)

23.1 (20.7 – 25.5)

16.2 (13.7 – 18.7)

   3500 – < 4000 grams

1150 (28.1)

21.7 (18.4 – 24.9)

20.0 (17.3 – 22.7)

18.8 (16.1 – 21.6)

   ≥ 4000 grams

350 (9.9)

19.1 (13.3 – 24.9)

23.2 (18.2 – 28.1)

28.9 (23.4 – 34.4)

P -value b

 

.009

.15

<.0001

Duration of breastfeeding

    

   ≥6 months

700 (13.5)

17.3 (13.0 – 21.6)

19.5 (15.3 – 23.6)

13.1 (10.0 – 16.2)

   2 to <6 months

1350 (23.3)

25.0 (21.5 – 28.4)

24.8 (21.6 – 28.0)

17.3 (14.3 – 20.3)

   <2 months

1800 (33.8)

21.0 (18.1 – 23.9)

22.9 (20.6 – 25.2)

15.8 (13.5 – 18.1)

   Never

1700 (29.5)

27.6 (24.1 – 31.1)

23.8 (21.0 – 26.6)

21.0 (17.7 – 24.4)

P -value b

 

<.0001

.69

.005

Age introduced solid foods

   

   ≥6 months

1800 (26.2)

23.9 (19.8 – 28.0)

24.6 (21.5 – 27.7)

17.0 (14.7 – 19.3)

   4-5 months

2700 (50.4)

22.6 (20.0 – 25.1)

22.8 (20.6 – 24.9)

16.2 (14.0 – 18.4)

   0-3 months

1150 (23.4)

24.3 (20.5 – 28.2)

22.1 (18.9 – 25.4)

20.1 (17.0 – 23.1)

P -value b

 

.14

.77

.09

Maternal BMId

    

   <18.5 kg/m2

300 (4.5)

19.2 (12.4 – 26.0)

17.8 (12.6 – 23.0)

10.1 (4.7 – 15.4)

   18.5 - <25 kg/m2

2250 (39.3)

21.8 (18.5 – 25.0)

23.0 (20.3 – 25.6)

9.3 (7.3 – 11.2)

   25 - <30 kg/m2

1400 (28.1)

23.8 (20.5 – 27.1)

20.9 (17.7 – 24.1)

18.0 (15.5 – 20.4)

   ≥30 kg/m2

1550 (28.1)

24.6 (21.4 – 27.7)

25.8 (22.8 – 28.8)

28.9 (25.7 – 32.1)

P -value b

 

.002

.40

<.0001

Maternal smoking status

    

   Nonsmoker

4600 (81.7)

22.4 (20.3 – 24.4)

23.0 (21.4 – 24.6)

16.6 (15.0 – 18.1)

   Smoker

1050 (18.3)

27.7 (23.1 – 32.2)

23.8 (19.7 – 27.8)

20.9 (17.2 – 24.6)

P -value b

 

<.0001

.90

.02

Racial-ethnic group

    

   White, non-Hispanic

2350 (55.1)

18.4 (15.7 – 21.1)

23.1 (20.9 – 25.4)

12.9 (11.2 – 14.5)

   Black, non-Hispanic

950 (15.5)

24.3 (20.5 – 28.2)

20.4 (17.0 – 23.8)

21.2 (17.3 – 25.1)

   Hispanic, any race

1000 (22.9)

34.4 (29.3 – 39.5)

25.2 (22.3 – 28.1)

24.1 (19.8 – 28.3)

   Other race, non-Hispanic

1300 (6.4)

24.1 (19.4 – 28.8)

22.0 (17.8 – 26.2)

22.3 (16.9 – 27.6)

P -value b

 

<.0001

.68

<.0001

Maternal education

    

   < High school

950 (17.7)

38.4 (33.1 – 43.8)

26.6 (22.8 – 30.5)

21.2 (17.6 – 24.9)

   High school degree or GED

1450 (27.7)

29.3 (25.8 – 32.7)

23.2 (20.6 – 25.8)

20.6 (17.2 – 24.0)

   Some college

1600 (29.1)

18.0 (15.1 – 21.0)

23.6 (20.8 – 26.4)

17.4 (14.9 – 20.0)

   College graduate

1650 (25.4)

12.3 (9.9 – 14.7)

20.0 (17.4 – 22.6)

11.1 (8.8 – 13.3)

P -value b

 

<.0001

.53

<.0001

Household income/poverty ratio

   

   < 0.50

650 (10.3)

38.3 (32.3 – 44.3)

23.9 (18.8 – 29.0)

20.8 (17.1 – 24.6)

   0.50 to 0.99

700 (12.7)

29.9 (24.6 – 35.3)

25.6 (21.1 – 30.1)

22.6 (17.5 – 27.6)

   1.00 to 1.85

1300 (23.5)

31.3 (26.9 – 35.7)

26.4 (23.0 – 29.8)

20.9 (17.8 – 24.0)

   1.86 to 3.00

1550 (28.0)

17.6 (14.3 – 20.9)

21.0 (18.2 – 23.8)

14.8 (11.9 – 17.8)

   >3.00

1450 (25.4)

13.0 (10.6 – 15.3)

20.8 (17.3 – 24.4)

12.8 (10.2 – 15.4)

P -value b

 

<.0001

.07

<.0001

  1. Restricted to children with information on NCATS at 9 months and weight-status at 5.5 years.
  2. aN is unweighted and rounded to the nearest 50. Percents are weighted and 95% confidence intervals account for survey design. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.
  3. b P-value from Rao-Scott design-adjusted Χ 2 tests.
  4. cBMI-for-age ≥95th percentile at age 5.5 years.
  5. dMaternal BMI from reported height and measured weight at 9 month assessment. If maternal height was available but weight at the 9 month assessment was missing (n = 1000) then measured weight from the first available assessment was substituted [24 months (n = 700), 4.5 years (n = 250), 5.5 years (n = 50)].
  6. Information missing for 150 individuals for maternal BMI, <100 individuals for breast feeding duration, and <50 individuals for birth weight, age introduced solid foods, maternal smoking status, and maternal education.
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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