Febrile illness and pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores in Bangladeshi infants living in poverty

Jiang, Nona M; Tofail, Fahmida; Moonah, Shannon N; Scharf, Rebecca J; Taniuchi, Mami; Ma, Jennie Z; Hamadani, Jena D; Gurley, Emily S; Houpt, Eric R; Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo; Haque, Rashidul; Petri, William A

doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-50

Table 2 Univariate analysis using linear mixed effects models for repeated developmental outcomes at 12 and 24 months

From: Febrile illness and pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores in Bangladeshi infants living in poverty

	Cognitive composite score		Language composite score		Motor composite score
Bayley-III score at 12 months^*	100.3 ± 9.4		98.5 ± 14.0		100.7 ± 11.2
Bayley-III score at 24 months^*	85.8 ± 8.6		93.0 ± 10.2		96.4 ± 8.5
Predictors	Estimate (s.e.)	p-value	Estimate (s.e.)	p-value	Estimate (s.e.)	p-value
Male sex	-0.79 (0.79)	0.318	-2.22 (1.08)	0.040	-2.09 (0.89)	0.019
Birth weight (kg)	3.07 (0.94)	0.001	3.24 (1.31)	0.014	3.33 (1.07)	0.002
LAZ at birth (every unit)	1.07 (0.34)	0.002	1.32 (0.46)	0.005	1.63 (0.38)	<0.0001
LAZ at 6 months (every unit)	1.33 (0.38)	0.0005	2.22 (0.51)	<0.0001	2.12 (0.42)	<0.0001
LAZ at 1 year (every unit)	1.41 (0.36)	0.0001	2.21 (0.49)	<0.0001	2.37 (0.39)	<0.0001
WAZ at birth (every unit)	1.40 (0.40)	0.0005	1.43 (0.55)	0.010	1.56 (0.45)	0.0006
WAZ at 6 months (every unit)	1.31 (0.36)	0.0003	1.73 (0.50)	0.0006	1.77 (0.41)	<0.0001
WAZ at 1 year (every unit)	1.64 (0.35)	<0.0001	2.35 (0.48)	<0.0001	2.40 (0.39)	<0.0001
Maternal BMI (every unit)	0.26 (0.12)	0.038	0.20 (0.17)	0.258	0.41 (0.14)	0.004
Monthly family income (every 1000 taka)	0.38 (0.12)	0.002	0.64 (0.16)	0.0001	0.57 (0.13)	<0.0001
Maternal education (years)	0.25 (0.11)	0.022	0.62 (0.15)	<0.0001	0.30 (0.13)	0.019
Family size (every member)	0.24 (0.17)	0.162	0.21 (0.23)	0.381	0.32 (0.19)	0.092
Courses of antibiotics^†	-0.06 (0.07)	0.388	-0.18 (0.10)	0.070	-0.25 (0.08)	0.002
Diarrheal illness (every 10 days)^†	0.36 (0.03)	0.229	0.47 (0.04)	0.251	0.14 (0.03)	0.678
ARI (every 10 days)^†	-0.14 (0.03)	0.629	-0.66 (0.04)	0.095	-0.89 (0.03)	0.007
Febrile illness (every 10 days)^†	-1.18 (0.05)	0.022	-2.40 (0.07)	0.0007	-2.48 (0.06)	<0.0001
IL-1β^‡	1.42 (1.67)	0.398	0.75 (2.38)	0.753	-3.81 (1.71)	0.028
IL-6^‡	-2.94 (1.61)	0.070	-2.85 (2.36)	0.229	-4.64 (1.71)	0.007
TNF-α^‡	0.55 (1.68)	0.746	1.06 (2.40)	0.660	-1.70 (1.80)	0.349
IL-4^‡	3.38 (1.64)	0.041	3.28 (2.34)	0.164	1.21 (1.78)	0.498
IL-10^‡	2.07 (1.64)	0.209	-0.09 (2.35)	0.971	-0.82 (1.78)	0.648

Abbreviations: BDT Bangladeshi taka (currency), LAZ length-for-age Z-score, WAZ weight-for-age Z-score, BMI body mass index, ARI acute respiratory infection.
^*Data are expressed as mean ± SD.
^†During first year of life.
^‡Each cytokine is dichotomized into top quartile and lower three quartiles, the reference for each cytokine is the lower three quartiles.
Bold text indicates p-value < 0.05.

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