Chronic pain treatment in children and adolescents: less is good, more is sometimes better

Table 2 Comparison of individual changes (pain intensity, pain-related disability) between inpatients and outpatients

	Group						Statistics for main effect “group”
	Outpatients			Inpatients			ANOVA				ANCOVA covariate: initial score + days until return
Individual changes ^§	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	df	F	p-value	eta ²	df	F	p-value	eta ²
Pain intensity^$	0.9	1.5	920	1.2	(1.5)	312	1,1230	10.5	.001	.008	1,1228	0.1	.728	-
Pain-related disability^#	1.0	1.2	850	1.4	(1.2)	292	1,1140	33.2	<.001	.028	1,1138	12.6	<.001	.011

Note:
^§Individual change: (Child’s score at baseline – child’s score at follow-up)/SD of the group baseline score; Interpretation of standardised change scores: 0.6 to 0.99 is considered a moderate change; ≥1.0, a large change.
^$Numeric rating scale (NRS) 0–10.
^#Paediatric Pain Disability Index (P-PDI [15]).
Boldface data reflect significant differences between the two groups.