Factors associated with cognitive achievement in late childhood and adolescence: the Young Lives cohort study of children in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam

Table 4 Multi-level linear regression models for children’s cognitive scores, Young Lives

	Vietnam	95% CI	Ethiopia	95% CI	Peru	95% CI	India	95% CI
Family Resources
Mother schooling	.059***	.043	.029**	.011	.094***	.046	.045***	.029
Mother schooling	.059***	.075	.029**	.046	.094***	.142	.045***	.062
Father schooling	.049***	.033	.022**	.006	.133***	.065	.030***	.017
Father schooling	.049***	.067	.022**	.038	.133***	.202	.030***	.043
Father schooling missing	-.026	-.310	.224*	.002	-.002	-.240	--
Father schooling missing	-.026	.257	.224*	.446	-.002	.236	--
Wealth	.045***	.022	.039**	.010	.074***	.048	.048***	.024
Wealth	.045***	.067	.039**	.068	.074***	.100	.048***	.072
Height-for-age	.126***	.086	.099***	.066	.111***	.053	.039**	.010
Height-for-age	.126***	.166	.099***	.132	.111***	.148	.039**	.068
Controls
Child was male	-.100*	-.184	.135**	.043	-.037	-.145	.192***	.097
Child was male	-.100*	-.015	.135**	.227	-.037	.072	.192***	.289
Both parents	.061	-.205	.003	-.119	-.126	-.361	.106	-.135
Both parents	.061	.327	.003	.124	-.126	.110	.106	.347
Mother age	-.004	-.012	.007*	.000	-.004	-.013	-.005	-.014
Mother age	-.004	.003	.007*	.014	-.004	.005	-.005	.004
Birth order	-.037	-.082	.054	-.015	.026	-.034	.034	-.021
Birth order	-.037	.008	.054	.123	.026	.087	.034	.088
Urban	.076	-.042	.450***	.332	.135*	.022	.034	-.098
Urban	.076	.193	.450***	.568	.135*	.249	.034	.166
Same language	.338***	.230	.135	-.011	.221*	.017	.198**	.049
Same language	.338***	.446	.135	.280	.221*	.426	.198**	.348
Household size	-.059***	-.086	-.009	-.030	-.025*	-.047	-.020*	-.040
Household size	-.059***	-.033	-.009	.013	-.025*	-.002	-.020*	-.001

Notes: *p < 0.05 **< .01 ***.001. Multi-level linear models were used to examine change in cognitive development from 8 to 12 years associated with changes in child growth from 8 to 12 years, wealth at 8 years, and parental schooling at 8 years. Factor analysis was used to develop the summary cognitive measure for each round and each country (Tables 1 and 2). Standardized scores were used. Round is treated as level 1 while the individual is treated as level 2.

ISSN: 1471-2431