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Table 1 Univariate associations of predictors with the rate of positive and negative interaction scores

From: Predictors of positive and negative parenting behaviours: evidence from the ALSPAC cohort

  

Summary statistics for predictor*

Associations with rate of negative interactions

Associations with rate of positive interactions

Child Gender

Female

49 (30.6%)

-

-

Male

111 (69.4%)

1.71 (0.81, 3.62), p = 0.160

0.89 (0.74, 1.06), p = 0.202

Mother Age at birth (for 1 year increase)

 

29.5 (4.5)

0.90 (0.83, 0.97), p = 0.004

1.02 (1.00, 1.04), p = 0.033

Parity (per unit increase)

 

0.7 (0.8)

0.87 (0.56, 1.36), p = 0.550

0.97 (0.88, 1.08), p = 0.584

Maternal depression at 32-40 weeks (per unit increase)

 

6.9 (5.0)

1.01 (0.94, 1.08), p = 0.812

1.01 (1.00, 1.03), p = 0.118

Postnatal depression at 8 months (per unit increase)

 

5.6 (5.0)

1.03 (0.97, 1.10), p = 0.354

1.01 (0.99, 1.02), p = 0.478

Maternal anxiety at 32-40 weeks (per unit increase)

 

4.7 (3.4)

1.03 (0.93, 1.14), p = 0.630

1.02 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.153

Postnatal anxiety at 8 months (per unit increase)

 

3.8 (3.9)

1.00 (0.92, 1.10), p = 0.934

1.01 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.172

Infant breast fed

No

24 (15.1%)

-

-

Yes

135 (84.9%)

1.26 (0.47, 3.36), p = 0.649

1.19 (0.94, 1.51), p = 0.150

Marital status

Never married

22 (13.8%)

-

-

1st marriage

123 (77.4%)

1.09 (0.40, 2.97), p = 0.873

1.27 (1.00, 1.63), p = 0.054

2nd/3rd marriage

9 (5.7%)

1.03 (0.18, 5.82), p = 0.970

1.25 (0.82, 1.90), p = 0.292

Divorced

5 (3.1%)

0.66 (0.07, 6.16), p = 0.718

1.34 (0.80, 2.24), p = 0.264

Father in household

No

14 (9.2%)

-

-

Yes

139 (90.8%)

0.50 (0.15, 1.63), p = 0.251

1.20 (0.89, 1.62), p = 0.225

Maternal education levels

Vocational/CSE/GCSE

89 (56.0%)

-

-

A level/Degree

70 (44.0%)

1.02 (0.51, 2.04), p = 0.958

1.32 (1.12, 1.55), p = 0.001

Anyone with chronic illness in household

No

133 (88.7%)

-

-

Yes

17 (11.3%)

1.11 (0.36, 3.42), p = 0.861

0.89 (0.68, 1.16), p = 0.389

Smoked during first trimester

No

128 (81.0%)

-

-

Yes

30 (19.0%)

0.64 (0.26, 1.58), p = 0.331

0.91 (0.73, 1.13), p = 0.384

Alcohol during first trimester (glasses of alcohol per week)

< 1

129 (81.6%)

-

-

≥ 1

29 (18.4%)

1.04 (0.43, 2.52), p = 0.929

1.04 (0.84, 1.29), p = 0.737

Partner physically hurt mother at 18 weeks gestation

No

143 (93.5%)

-

-

Yes

10 (6.5%)

1.29 (0.32, 5.17), p = 0.718

1.03 (0.72, 1.46), p = 0.880

Partner physically hurt mother postnatally

No

152 (95.0%)

-

-

Yes

8 (5.0%)

0.34 (0.06, 1.97), p = 0.230

1.01 (0.69, 1.47), p = 0.962

Social support score (per unit increase)

 

20.1 (4.8)

0.94 (0.87, 1.01), p = 0.072

1.01 (0.99, 1.03), p = 0.335

Life event score 18-23 weeks (per unit increase)

 

8.6 (6.5)

1.02 (0.97, 1.08), p = 0.417

1.00 (0.98, 1.01), p = 0.716

Maternal bonding score (per unit increase)

 

28.0 (4.0)

0.98 (0.91, 1.07), p = 0.723

0.98 (0.96, 1.00), p = 0.024

Aggression score (per unit increase)

 

10.2 (1.8)

0.96 (0.78, 1.17), p = 0.655

1.03 (0.98, 1.08), p = 0.300

  1. *Mean (SD) presented for continuous variables and N (%) for categorical.
  2. - indicates reference category in regression analysis.
  3. (Effect estimates are the relative change in interaction scores for a specified increase in continuous predictor variables or compared to the stated reference group for categorical predictors).
  4. Statistically significant associations (p<0.05) are highlighted in bold text.