Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for severely stunted children aged 0–23 and 0–59 months
Characteristic | Severely stunted children 0–23 Months | Severely stunted children 0–59 Months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR [95%CI] | P | Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI] | P | Unadjusted OR [95%CI] | P | Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI] | P | |
Parental factor | ||||||||
Maternal working status | ||||||||
Non-working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Working (past 12 months) | 2.10 (1.16, 3.80) | 0.015 | 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) | 0.603 | ||||
Maternal education | ||||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary | 0.69 (0.34, 1.42) | 0.313 | 0.56 (0.37, 0.84) | 0.005 | ||||
Secondary and above | 0.44 (0.21, 0.91) | 0.027 | 0.35 (0.24, 0.52) | <0.001 | ||||
Partner’s occupation | ||||||||
Non agriculture | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Agriculture | 1.39 (0.77, 2.52) | 0.270 | 1.75 (1.20, 2.54) | 0.004 | ||||
Not working | 0.59 (0.10, 3.54) | 0.558 | 0.40 (0.14, 1.15) | 0.088 | ||||
Partner’s education | 1.00 | |||||||
No education | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.46, 1.15) | 0.172 | |||||
Primary | 0.62 (0.26, 1.47) | 0.277 | 0.43 (0.28, 0.65) | <0.001 | ||||
Secondary and above | 0.39 (0.19, 0.78) | 0.008 | ||||||
Mother’s age | ||||||||
15-24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
25-34 years | 1.29 (0.71,2.33) | 0.406 | 1.07 (0.77, 1.49) | 0.684 | ||||
35-49years | 4.50 (2.04, 9.94) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.28, 2.65) | 0.001 | ||||
Mother’s age at birth | ||||||||
< 20 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
20-29 years | 0.72 (0.36, 1.44) | 0.351 | 0.79 (0.55, 1.14) | 0.213 | ||||
30-39 years | 1.36 (0.60, 3.10) | 0.457 | 1.17 (0.76, 1.79) | 0.481 | ||||
40 and above | 5.85 (1.81, 18.96) | 0.003 | 1.53 (0.76, 3.08) | 0.232 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Currently married | -' | -' | 1.00 | |||||
Formerly married^ | -' | -' | 0.76 (0.23, 2.54) | 0.653 | ||||
Birth order | ||||||||
First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2nd -4th | 2.08 (1.14, 3.79) | 0.017 | 1.39 (1.01, 1.90) | 0.042 | ||||
5 or more | 4.68 (2.19, 10.00) | <0.001 | 2.14 (1.39, 3.30) | 0.001 | ||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
< 24 months | 3.59 (1.75, 7.38) | 0.001 | 2.38 (1.12, 5.03) | 0.024 | 2.25 (1.51, 3.34) | <0.001 | ||
> 24 months | 2.21 (1.18, 4.14) | 0.014 | 1.54 (0.80, 2.99) | 0.195 | 1.36 ( 0.97, 1.89) | 0.073 | ||
Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||
Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Traditional birth attendant | 1.56 (0.20, 12.33) | 0.674 | 1.58 (0.19, 13.14) | 0.670 | 1.08 (0.24, 4.82) | 0.922 | 0.65 (0.14, 3.11) | 0.589 |
Relatives or other | 3.67 (1.91, 7.03) | <0.001 | 2.15 (0.98, 4.72) | 0.056 | 2.65 (1.83, 3.83) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.05, 2.31) | 0.029 |
No one | 7.32 (2.53, 21.22) | <0.001 | 3.69 (1.14, 11.93) | 0.029 | 7.07 (3.84, 13.01) | <0.001 | 2.88 (1.47, 5.67) | 0.002 |
Combined Place and mode of delivery | ||||||||
Home delivery | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Health facility with non-caesarean | 0.33 (0.18,0.60) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.29, 0.58) | <0.001 | ||||
Health facility with caesarean | 0.37 (0.07,1.90) | 0.231 | 0.16 (0.04, 0.59) | 0.006 | ||||
Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||
No postnatal check-up | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
0-2 days | 0.44 (0.23,0.85) | 0.014 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.51) | <0.001 | ||||
Delayed | 0.33 (0.11, 0.97) | 0.045 | 0.29 (0.14, 0.62) | 0.001 | ||||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
1-3. | 0.72 (0.34,1.49) | 0.372 | 0.77 (0.52, 1.15) | 0.201 | ||||
4+ | 0.50 (0.25,1.01) | 0.053 | 0.46 (0.30, 0.71) | 0.001 | ||||
Currently breastfeeding | ||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
No | 0.86 (0.27, 2.70) | 0.789 | 0.58 (0.41, 0.82) | 0.002 | 0.49 (0.34, 0.69) | <0.001 | ||
Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||||
Up to 12 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
> 12 months | 2.90 (1.81, 5.22) | <0.001 | 2.87 (1.54, 5.34) | 0.001 | 3.75 (2.30, 6.11) | <0.001 | 4.15 (2.49, 6.93) | <0.001 |
Mother’s literacy | ||||||||
Can’t read at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Can read | 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) | 0.039 | 0.42 (0.31, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.43, 0.86) | 0.005 | ||
Child level factors | ||||||||
Sex of baby | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Female | 0.46 (0.29, 0.72) | 0.001 | 0.44 (0.28, 0.71) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.26) | 0.710 | ||
Perceived size of baby at birth | ||||||||
Small | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Average | 0.65 (0.37, 1.14) | 0.133 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98) | 0.038 | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.243 | ||
Large | 0.46 (0.20, 1.07) | 0.070 | 0.43 (0.27, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.29, 0.74) | 0.001 | ||
Child’s age in months | 2.62 (1.41, 4.86) | 0.002 | 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | <0.001 | ||||
Child had diarrhoea recently | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.53 (0.80,2.93) | 0.201 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.47) | 0.968 | ||||
Child had fever in last two weeks | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.50 (0.85, 2.65) | 0.165 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) | 0.478 | ||||
Household level factors | ||||||||
Household Food Insecurity (Access) | ||||||||
Food secure | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mildly insecurity | 1.77 (0.50, 6.34) | 0.377 | 0.85 (0.43, 1.68) | 0.637 | ||||
Moderately | 2.88 (1.27,6.55) | 0.012 | 1.61 (1.06, 2.43) | 0.024 | ||||
Severely | 4.80 (2.00, 11.50) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.47, 3.96) | 0.001 | ||||
Wealth Index | ||||||||
poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
poorer | 0.82 (0.42, 1.60) | 0.558 | 0.81 (0.40, 1.66) | 0.566 | 0.76 (0.52, 1.11) | 0.156 | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 0.638 |
middle | 0.42 (0.20, 0.87) | 0.020 | 0.49 (0.22, 1.05) | 0.067 | 0.45 (0.30, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | 0.016 |
richer | 0.28 (0.11, 0.69) | 0.006 | 0.36 (0.14, 0.93) | 0.034 | 0.33 (0.20, 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.30, 0.82) | 0.007 |
richest | 0.19 (0.06, 0.60) | 0.005 | 0.33 (0.10, 1.15) | 0.081 | 0.19 (0.11, 0.33) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.20, 0.80) | 0.009 |
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
Unprotected | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Protected | 0.91 (0.48,1.74) | 0.779 | 0.87 (0.52, 1.24) | 0.455 | ||||
Community level factors | ||||||||
Type of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Rural | 1.62 (0.79, 3.30) | 0.187 | 3.00 (1.86, 4.83) | <0.001 | ||||
Caste group | ||||||||
B/C (Hill and Terai) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Newar | 0.84 90.22,3.25) | 0.796 | 0.82 (0.31, 2.13) | 0.682 | ||||
Hill Janajati | 0.97 (0.45, 2.09) | 0.935 | 1.25 (0.87, 1.80) | 0.233 | ||||
TeraiJanajati and other terai castes | 0.99 (0.38, 2.64) | 0.997 | 1.30 (0.72, 2.38) | 0.385 | ||||
Dalit | 1.35 (0.68, 2.69) | 0.389 | 1.74 (1.24, 2.44) | 0.001 | ||||
Muslim and others | 0.69 (0.26, 1.87) | 0.468 | 0.92 (0.46, 1.85) | 0.825 | ||||
Ecological Zone | ||||||||
Mountain | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Hill | 0.81 (0.39, 1.68) | 0.565 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.059 | ||||
Terai | 0.60 (0.28, 1.29) | 0.191 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.94) | 0.025 | ||||
Geographic Zones | ||||||||
Eastern | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Central | 1.46 (0.64, 3.30) | 0.363 | 1.37 (0.86, 2.20) | 0.184 | ||||
Western | 2.13 (0.91, 5.03) | 0.083 | 1.23 (0.72, 2.09) | 0.449 | ||||
Mid-western | 2.41 (1.16, 5.00) | 0.018 | 1.77 (1.12, 2.81) | 0.015 | ||||
Far-western | 1.70 (0.68, 4.25) | 0.254 | 1.46 (0.85, 2.52) | 0.168 | ||||