Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for stunted children aged 0–23 and 0–59 months
Characteristic | Stunted children 0–23 Months | Stunted children 0–59 Months | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI] | P | Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI] | P | Unadjusted Odd Ratio (OR) [95%CI] | P | Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) [95%CI] | P | |
Parental factors | ||||||||
Maternal working status | ||||||||
Non-working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Working (past 12 months) | 1.60 (1.09, 2.34) | 0.015 | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) | 0.057 | ||||
Maternal education | ||||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary | 0.75 (0.47,1.18) | 0.205 | 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) | 0.079 | ||||
Secondary and above | 0.39 (0.24, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.35, 0.60) | <0.001 | ||||
Partner’s occupation | ||||||||
Non agriculture | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Agriculture | 1.80 (1.24,2.63) | 0.002 | 1.68 (1.30, 2.18) | <0.001 | ||||
Not working | 0.28 (0.07,0.62) | 0.071 | 0.57 (0.29, 1.13) | 0.109 | ||||
Partner’s education | ||||||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Primary | 0.67 (0.40, 1.11) | 0.121 | 0.91 (0.62, 1.33) | 0.620 | ||||
Secondary and above | 0.40 (0.26, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.79) | 0.001 | ||||
Mother’s age | ||||||||
15-24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
25-34 years | 1.16 (0.81,1.67) | 0.420 | 1.16 (0.94,1.43) | 0.159 | ||||
35-49years | 3.14 (1.54, 6.01) | 0.001 | 1.91 (1.39, 2.63) | <0.001 | ||||
Mother’s age at birth | ||||||||
< 20 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
20-29 years | 0.98 (0.60,1.62) | 0.944 | 1.02 (0.58, 1.80) | 0.955 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.21) | 0.508 | ||
30-39 years | 1.17 (0.65,2.11) | 0.595 | 0.95 (0.48, 1.87) | 0.877 | 1.06 (0.75, 1.52) | 0.728 | ||
40 and above | 11.06 (4.26, 28.72) | <0.001 | 7.31 (2.12, 25.22) | 0.002 | 2.28 (1.27, 4.11) | 0.006 | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Currently married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Formerly married^ | 3.10 (0.26, 36.98) | 0.370 | 1.52 (0.51, 4.52) | 0.450 | ||||
Birth order | ||||||||
First-born | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
2nd -4th | 1.60 (1.13, 2.25) | 0.008 | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 0.052 | ||||
5 or more | 3.45 (1.91, 6.23) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.57, 2.94) | <0.001 | ||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
No previous birth | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
< 24 months | 2.20 (1.35, 3.58) | 0.002 | 1.64 (1.22, 2.20) | 0.001 | ||||
> 24 months | 1.77 (1.22, 2.57) | 0.003 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) | 0.009 | ||||
Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||
Health professional | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Traditional birth attendant | 0.88 (0.19, 4.04) | 0.873 | 1.24 (0.58, 2.64) | 0.578 | ||||
Relatives or other | 3.14 (2.00, 4.94) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.87, 3.06) | <0.001 | ||||
No one | 5.10 (2.16, 12.04) | <0.001 | 5.63 (3.39, 9.32) | <0.001 | ||||
Combined Place and mode of delivery | ||||||||
Home delivery | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Health facility with non-caesarean | 0.33 (0.21,0.51) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.33, 0.90) | 0.018 | 0.42 (0.33, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.51, 0.84) | 0.001 |
Health facility with caesarean | 0.22 (0.07, 0.66) | 0.007 | 0.53 (0.16, 1.75) | 0.298 | 0.28 (0.16, 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.29, 0.95) | 0.033 |
Timing of postnatal check-up | ||||||||
No postnatal check-up | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
0-2 days | 0.39 (0.24, 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.30, 0.49) | <0.001 | ||||
Delayed | 0.45 (0.23, 0.87) | 0.019 | 0.40 (0.26, 0.60) | <0.001 | ||||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
1-3. | 0.71 (0.36, 1.39) | 0.312 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.056 | ||||
4+ | 0.41 (0.23, 0.73) | 0.003 | 0.46 (0.32,0.65) | <0.001 | ||||
Currently breastfeeding | ||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
No | 1.02 (0.33, 3.18) | 0.971 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.26) | 0.841 | 0.70 (0.53, 0.94) | 0.017 | ||
Duration of breastfeeding | ||||||||
Upto 12 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
> 12 months | 2.80 (1.91, 4.09) | <0.001 | 2.60 (1.87, 4.02) | <0.001 | 4.22 (3.12, 5.69) | <0.001 | 3.54 (2.41, 5.19) | <0.001 |
Mother’s literacy | ||||||||
Can’t read at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Can read | 0.52 (0.35, 0.76) | 0.001 | 0.58 (0.45, 0.73) | <0.001 | ||||
Child level factors | ||||||||
Child age | ||||||||
Sex of baby | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Female | 0.75 (0.53, 1.06) | 0.104 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) | 0.392 | ||||
Perceived size of baby at birth | ||||||||
Small | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Average | 0.51 (0.32, 0.84) | 0.008 | 0.61 (0.36, 1.04) | 0.070 | 0.64 (0.49, 0.83) | 0.001 | 0.68 (0.51, 0.90) | 0.008 |
Large | 0.40 (0.22, 0.75) | 0.004 | 0.42 (0.36, 0.83) | 0.013 | 0.46 (0.33, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.67) | <0.001 |
Child’s age in months | 2.39 (1.59, 3.59) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.25, 1.44) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.031 | ||
Child had diarrhoea recently | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.29 (0.83, 2.02) | 0.254 | 0.91 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.589 | ||||
Child had fever in last two weeks | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Yes | 1.20 (0.79,1.84) | 0.389 | 0.79 (0.63, 0.98) | 0.035 | ||||
Household level factors | ||||||||
Food insecurity (Access) | ||||||||
Food secure | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Mildly insecurity | 0.79 (0.34, 1.82) | 0.571 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.76) | 0.638 | ||||
Moderately | 2.34 (1.48, 3.70) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | <0.001 | ||||
Severely | 2.94 (1.54, 5.63) | 0.001 | 2.22 (1.54, 3.20) | <0.001 | ||||
Wealth index | ||||||||
poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
poorer | 0.79 (0.50, 1.25) | 0.314 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.50) | 0.711 | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) | 0.005 | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | 0.020 |
middle | 0.45 (0.28, 0.72) | 0.001 | 0.59 (0.36, 0.97) | 0.039 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.68) | <0.001 |
richer | 0.25 (0.14, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.16, 0.59) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.24, 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.25, 0.56) | <0.001 |
richest | 0.16 (0.07, 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.12, 0.67) | 0.004 | 0.26 (0.18, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.25, 0.55) | <0.001 |
Source of drinking water | ||||||||
Unprotected | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Protected | 1.50 (0.95, 2.36) | 0.084 | 1.08 (0.81, 1.43) | 0.609 | ||||
Community level factors | ||||||||
Type of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Rural | 2.14 (1.26, 3.64) | 0.005 | 1.95 (1.47, 2.58) | <0.001 | ||||
Caste group | ||||||||
B/C (Hill and Terai) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Newar | 0.72 (0.26, 2.05) | 0.542 | 0.77 (0.40, 1.48) | 0.423 | ||||
Hill Janajati | 1.14 (0.71, 1.85) | 0.577 | 1.35 (0.98, 1.84) | 0.063 | ||||
TeraiJanajati and other terai castes | 1.52 (0.94, 2.43) | 0.086 | 1.11 (0.77, 1.62) | 0.566 | ||||
Dalit | 1.46 (0.92, 2.33) | 0.110 | 1.53 (1.18, 1.99) | 0.002 | ||||
Muslim and others | 0.91 (0.36, 2.26) | 0.832 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.32) | 0.382 | ||||
Ecological Zone | ||||||||
Mountain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Hill | 0.55 (0.35, 0.87) | 0.010 | 0.63 (0.47, 0.84) | 0.002 | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) | 0.015 | ||
Terai | 0.48 (0.30, 0.77) | 0.002 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.70) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.57, 1.12) | 0.193 | ||
Geographic Zones | ||||||||
Eastern | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
Central | 1.28 (0.75, 2.17) | 0.366 | 1.04 (0.72, 1.49) | 0.832 | ||||
Western | 1.13 (0.61, 2.10) | 0.692 | 1.07 (0.72, 1.60) | 0.738 | ||||
Mid-western | 1.64 (0.96, 2.77) | 0.068 | 1.71 (1.15, 2.55) | 0.008 | ||||
Far-western | 1.28 (0.73, 2.25) | 0.387 | 1.47 (0.96, 2.24) | 0.075 | ||||