Table 5 Study characteristics and quality appraisal for non-intervention studies (Stream 2)
Study/Country | Design | Participant details | Age (years) | Quality appraisal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Children, young people and/or parents with T1D at school settings | ||||
Nabors et al.[46] US | Interviews | 105 children whilst at day and summer camp | Mean 10.11 (S.D. 2.2) | ABCDEHI |
|  | Survey |  | Range 6 – 14.6 |  |
Bodas et al.[47] Spain | Survey | 414 children whilst at summer camps | Target range 6-16 | ABCEFI |
Peters et al.[48] US | Survey | 167 children from diabetes’s clinic | Mean 12.8 (S.D. 2.5) |  |
Review of clinic records | Â | Target range 8-17 | ABCDEFGHI | |
Lehmkuhl and Nabors [49] US | Survey | 58 children whilst at summer camp | Mean 11.5 (S.D 1.0) | ABCEHI |
Pilot Study | Â | Target range 8-14 | ||
Tang and Ariyawansa [50] UK | Survey | 11 children & 11 parents from diabetes clinics | Target range 12-16 | ABCEFHI |
Wang et al.[51] Taiwan | Interviews | 2 children | Age 14/Age 15 | ABCDEFGHI |
Newbould et al.[52] UK | Interviews | 26 children & 26 parents from GP practices | Mean 11.7 | ABCDEFGHI |
Target range 8-15 | ||||
MacArthur [53] UK | Survey | 15 children from diabetes clinics | Target range 10-16 | ABCHI |
Clay et al.[54] US | Survey | 75 children & 75 parents from diabetes clinics | Mean 13.3 (S.D. 2.8) | ABCDEFGHI |
Target range 8-18 | ||||
Schwartz et al.[55] US | Survey | 80 children & 80 parents from diabetes clinics | Target range 5-12 | ABCEH |
Hema et al.[56] US | Self completion diaries | 52 children whilst at summer camp | Mean 13.02 (S.D. 2.66)/Target range 8-18 | ABCDEFHI |
|  | 8-12 (n = 19)/13–18 (n = 33) | |||
Peyrot [57] Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Spain, USA | Survey | 1905 childrena | aMean 21.3 (S.D. 2.4 )/Target range 18-25 | ABCDEFHI |
4099 parentsb part of DAWN Youth WebTalk study | bMean 10.5 (S.D. 4.2)/Target range 0-16 | |||
Carroll and Marrero [58] US | Focus groups | 31 children from physicians’ offices | Mean 14.9 | ABCDEFGHI |
Target range 13-18 | ||||
13-14 (45%), 15–16 (35%), 17–18 (20%) | ||||
Waller et al.[59] UK | Focus Groups | 24 children & 29 parents from diabetes clinics | Mean 13.07 (S.D 1.59) | ABCDEFGHI |
Target range 11–16 | ||||
Hayes-Bohn et al.[60] US | Interviews | 30 children & 30 parents from diabetes clinics | Mean 17.3 | ABCDEFHI |
Target range 13-20 | ||||
Wagner et al.[61] US | Survey | 58 children & 58 parents Whilst at summer camp | Mean 12 (S.D 1.9) | ABCDEFHI |
| Â | Target range 8-15 | |||
Amillategui et al.[62] Spain | Survey | 152 childrena | aMean 10.68 (S.D 1.92)/Target range 6-13 | ABCDEFHI |
167 parentsb from paediatric unit s of 9 hospitals | 6-9 (29%)/10–13 (71%) | |||
| Â | bMean 10.37 (S.D 2.15)/Target range 6-13 | |||
6-9 (35%)/ 10–13 (65%) | ||||
Barnard et al.[63] UK | Interviews | 15 children & 17 parents registered on the Roche Diagnostics insulin pump user customer database | Mean age 12.07 (S.D. 2.71) | ABCDEFGHI |
Target Range 9-17 | ||||
Low et al.[64] US | Interviews | 18 children & 21 parents Whilst at diabetes camps & a regional paediatric endocrinology practice. | Mean age 13.9 (S.D. 2.2) | ABCDEFGHI |
| Â | Target range 11-18 | |||
Wilson and Beskine [65] UK | Survey | 73 parents via a survey on the UK CWD website | <5 (11%), 5–11 (55%), >12(34%) | ABCDEH |
Amillategui et al.[66] Spain | Survey | 499 parents from diabetes clinics | Target range 3-18 | ABCDEFGHI |
3-6(12%), 7-10(26%), 11-14(38%), 15-18(24%) | ||||
Pinelli et al.[67] Italy | Survey | 220 parents from 15 diabetes units | Mean 10 | ABCDEFI |
Target range 8-13 | ||||
Hellems and Clarke [68] USA | Survey | 185 parents from diabetes clinics | Target range 5-18 | ABCDEGHI |
Jacquez et al.[69] US | Survey | 309 parents from diabetes clinics | Mean 11.83 (S.D. 3.70) | ABCDEFGI |
Target range 4-19 | ||||
Lewis et al.[70] US | Survey | 47 parents from diabetes clinics | ns | ABCEI |
Yu et al.[71] US | Survey | 66 parents from paediatric endocrinology unit | Mean 12.7 (diagnosed at ≤5 yrs) | ABCDEFGI |
Mean 12.6 (diagnosed after 5Â yrs) | ||||
Lin et al.[72] Taiwan | Interviews | 12 mothers from diabetes clinics | Mean 8.4 | ABCDEFGHI |
Range 7.3 to 9.2 | ||||
Ramchandani et al.[73] US | Survey | 51 students (42 valid) from 5 hospital diabetes centres | Mean 20.1 (S.D. 1.6) | ABCDEFHI |
Range 18.4- 25.7 | ||||
Interviews | 17 students from 5 university health centres | Actual range 18-25 | ABCDEFGHI | |
Research diaries | ||||
Wdowik et al.[79] US | Survey | 98 students from 22 college health providers | Mean 24.4 (S.D. 7.4) | ABCDEFGHI |
Wdowik [80] US | Focus groupa | a10 students from 1 university health centre | 1Target range 18–35 (2 over 24 years) | ABCDEFHI |
Interviewsb | b15 students attended pre-college workshop at local diabetes centre representing 9 colleges across 7 states | bTarget range 19-22 | ||
Geddes et al.[81] UK | Case notes | 55 students Referrals over a 10Â year period to one hospital diabetes centre | Target range 18-24 | ABCDEFGH |
Ravert [82] US | Survey | 450 students T1D on graduate surveys | Mean 20.3 (S.D. 1.6) | ABCDEFI |
| Â | Target range 18-25 | |||
Wilson [83] UK | Interviews | 23 students no details provided | Actual range 17-19 | ABCEFGHI |
17 (30%), 18 (44%), 19 (26%) | ||||
Miller-Hagan and Janas [84] US | Interviews | 15 students Advertisements placed in one university | Mean 22.4 | ABCDEFI |
| Â | Actual range 18-40 | |||
Eaton et al.[85] UK | Interview | 22 students | Mean 20 | ABC |
From one university medical practice | Target range 19-21 | |||
Amillategui et al.[62] Spain | Survey | 111 teachers of children with T1D attending the paediatric units of nine public hospitals. | Experience of teaching a child with T1D (100%) | ABCDEFHI |
School personnel working with children and young people with T1D | ||||
Greenhalgh [86] UK | Survey | 85 teachers of children with T1D who attended a diabetes clinic a local hospital 30 teachers | Experience of teaching a child with T1D (96%) | ABCDE |
Bowen [87] UK | Survey | School nurse assigned to 5 schools | Had taught a child with diabetes (20%) | ABCDEFGHI |
Not linked into specific children with T1D | ||||
Survey | 1140 teachers from 49 randomly selected schools | Not linked into specific children with T1D | ABCDEF [88] | |
ABCDEFI [89] | ||||
Gormanous et al.[90] US | Survey | 463 teachers from schools in one US state | Not linked into specific children with T1D | ABCDEHI |
Tahirovic [91] Bosnia and Herzegovina | Survey | 83 physical education teachers. All schools within the region included | Not linked into specific children with T1D | ABCDEFH |
MacArthur [53] UK | Survey | 11 teachers | Experience of teaching a child with T1D (100%) | ABCHI |
Linked with children from one local diabetes centre who took who took pre lunch injections at school | ||||
Boden et al.[92] UK | Interviews | 22 teachers | No experience (9%)/Currently teaching (46%) In directly involved (9%)/taught in previous year (27%) Taught a child though no longer in school (9%) | ABCDEFGHI |
25 primary schools with a child with diabetes in the school (currently or who had left very recently) | ||||
Nabors et al.[93] US | Survey | 247 teachers from 5 elementary schools in one city | Not linked into specific children with T1D | ABCEFGHI |
Lewis et al.[70] US | Survey | 65 teachers | Not linked into specific children with T1D | ABCEI |
222 schools in 3 counties were randomly selected to participate in the study. | ||||
Rickabaugh and Salterelli [94] US | Survey | 32 physical education teachers linked with 25 children with T1D from schools across three states. | Had taught on average 4 children with T1D | ABCDEGHI |
Chmiel-Perzynska et al.[95] Poland | Survey | 52 teachers Part of a wider survey | Currently teaching or had taught a child with diabetes. | ABCDE |
| Â | Not linked into specific children with T1D | |||
Fisher [96] US | Survey | 70 school nurses from a convenience sample of 115 schools | Experience of children with T1D: 63% | ABCDEGHI |
Number of children with T1D: 0 (37%)/1 (31%)/2(21%)/3 (6%)/4(3%)/5(1%) | ||||
Guttu et al.[97] US | Survey | 21 counties, 19 provided school nurse services | Each county was characterised as having a good nurse-student ratio (1 nurse < 1,000 students) or a fair to poor nurse-student ratio (1 nurse >1,000 students | ABCDEI |
Joshi et al.[98] US | Survey | 43 school nurses from schools in 1 US state | Not provided | ABCEH |
Nabors et al.[99] US | Survey | 38 school nurses from schools in 3 US states | Experience of children with T1D: 87% Number of children with T1D: ns | ABCDEHI |
Wagner and James [100] US | Survey | 132 school counsellors attendees at two school counsellor association annual meetings | Experience of children with T1D: 83% children with diabetes in their schools. | ABCDEFGHI |
14% did not know if there were children with diabetes in their schools. | ||||
Number of children with diabetes average of 4 students | ||||
Schwartz et al.[55] US | Survey | 28 school personnel Linked with children from a hospital diabetes centre. 20 schools represented | Experience of children with T1D: 63% Number of children with diabetes: | ABCEH |
School nurses (85%); | 0(5.9%) / 1–2 (27.5%) | |||
Dieticians, teachers, & other (15%) | 3–4 (41.2%) / 5–10 (13.7%) | |||
>10 (11.8%) | ||||
Darby [101] US | Interviews | 11 school nurses helped students with CSII therapy | Experience of children with T1D: 100% | ABCDEFHI |
Survey of local schools across 3 counties | Number of children with T1D: 1-4 | |||
|  |  | RN(n = 6), CNP or APN: (n = 2)/LPN (n = 3) |  |  |