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Table 1 Longitudinal models of maternal depressive symptoms on child height and BMI between 9 months and 6 years

From: Early maternal depressive symptoms and child growth trajectories: a longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative US birth cohort

 

Height (cm)

BMI (kg/m2)

 

a. Partially adjusted1

b. Fully adjusted2

c. Partially adjusted1

d. Fully adjusted2

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

Model 1: Main effects models (Linear shift in maternal depression)

Maternal depressive symptoms

    

 None

Reference

   

 Mild

−0.20 (−0.41, 0.008)^

−0.08 (−0.27, 0.11)

0.14 (0.02, 0.26)*

0.10 (−0.01, 0.22)

 Moderate/severe

−0.43 (−0.66, −0.19)***

−0.26 (−0.48, −0.05)*

0.08 (−0.05, 0.21)

−0.02 (−0.16, 0.11)

Model 2: Interaction models (Interactions of maternal depressive symptoms and child age terms)

Maternal depressive symptoms

    

 None

Reference

   

 Mild

−0.22 (−0.44, 0.005)^

−0.11 (−0.31, 0.09)

−0.07 (−0.39, 0.26)

−0.09 (−0.42, 0.25)

 Moderate/severe

−0.45 (−0.69, −0.30)***

−0.23 (−0.46, −0.50)*

0.17 (−0.19, 0.53)

0.05 (−0.32, 0.42)

Maternal symptoms x child ageij

    

 None

Reference

   

 Mild

0.02 (−0.16, 0.20)

0.002 (−0.01, 002)

0.13 (−0.12, 0.37)

0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)

 Moderate/severe

−0.01 (−0.21, 0.19)

−0.003 (−0.02, 0.01)

−0.05 (−0.32, 0.22)

−0.002 (−0.03, 0.02)

Maternal symptoms x child ageij 2

    

 None

Reference

   

 Mild

−0.002 (−0.04, 0.04)

<−0.0001 (−0.0003, 0.0003)

−0.01 (−0.05, 0.03)

−0.0001 (−0.0004, 0.0002)

 Moderate/severe

0.01 (−0.03, 0.06)

0.0001 (−0.0002, 0.0004)

0.005 (−0.04, 0.05)

0.00002 (−0.0003, 0.0003)

  1. Beta coefficients reported in this analysis have not been standardized.
  2. 1Random effects (intercept + slope) models adjusted for child sex and age (entered at 9 months).
  3. 2Random effects (intercept + slope) model adjusted for child sex and age (centered at 9 months) and baseline characteristics: maternal age, education, employment, home ownership, race, pre-pregnancy weight, pregnancy weight gain, smoking status, and child health status, ever breast fed, gestational age, and birthweight.
  4. *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.01; ***p-value <0.001.
  5. ^p-value <0.10.