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Table 2 Key risk factors for problem behaviours at age eight

From: Early childhood risk and resilience factors for behavioural and emotional problems in middle childhood

Variable

Externalizing behaviours

Internalizing behaviours

 

Adjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% C.I.)

p-value

Male gender

2.64 (1.50, 4.65)

0.001

1.70 (1.02, 2.82)

0.042

Current demographic risk

1.63 (0.86, 3.10)

0.134

  

Past demographic risk

  

2.82 (1.27, 6.26)

0.011

Current maternal mental health risk

  

1.96 (1.15, 3.36)

0.014

Past maternal mental health risk

2.02 (1.02, 4.01)

0.044

  

Absence of positive parenting interactions

  

1.92 (1.12, 3.30)

0.017

Past low parental sense of competence

2.83 (1.58, 5.06)

<0.001

  

Past hostile parenting style

2.24 (1.12, 4.50)

0.023

  

Past low parenting morale

  

2.62 (1.43, 4.82)

0.002

Past unhappy events for child

2.14 (1.09, 4.19)

0.027

  

Developmental referral history

1.99 (1.04, 3.83)

0.039

  

Poor school performance

2.07 (1.16, 3.69)

0.014

  
  1. Note. Internalizing and externalizing behaviours defined by behaviour scales previously used in the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) with the cut-offs made at the 80th percentile (coding: Less than 80th percentile vs. 80th percentile or better).