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Table 2 Association with perinatal death of omphaloceles by the selected maternal characteristics, China, 1996-2006

From: Perinatal mortality in pregnancies with omphalocele: data from the Chinese national birth defects monitoring network, 1996–2006

Characteristics

Total N

Late fetal death

Early neonatal death

No.

Rate* (95% CI)

COR (95% CI)

AOR†(95% CI)

No.

Rate* (95% CI)

COR (95% CI)

AOR†(95% CI)

Geographical location

         

Coastal areas

308

108

35.1 (29.7, 40.4)

Ref.

Ref.

37

12.0 (8.4, 15.6)

Ref.

Ref.

Inland areas

285

121

42.5 (36.7, 48.2)

1.55 (1.09, 2.20)

1.56 (1.09, 2.24)

46

16.1 (11.9, 20.4)

1.72 (1.05, 2.81)

1.72 (1.03, 2.85)

Remote areas

234

80

34.2 (28.1, 40.3)

1.07 (0.73, 1.56)

1.07 (0.73, 1.57)

41

17.5 (12.7, 22.4)

1.60 (0.97, 2.65)

1.53 (0.91, 2.59)

Maternal residence

         

Urban

518

190

36.7 (32.5, 40.8)

Ref.

Ref.

63

12.2 (9.3, 15.0)

Ref.

Ref.

Rural

309

119

38.5 (33.1, 43.9)

1.29 (0.94, 1.76)

1.34 (0.91, 1.97)

61

19.7 (15.3, 24.2)

1.99 (1.32, 3.00)

1.32 (0.81, 2.18)

Maternal age $ (years)

         

20–24

277

104

37.5 (31.8, 43.2)

1.12 (0.79, 1.58)

1.05 (0.73, 1.52)

54

19.5 (14.8, 24.2)

1.57 (1.00, 2.46)

1.16 (0.72, 1.88)

25–29

358

135

37.7 (32.7, 42.7)

Ref.

Ref.

50

14.0 (10.4, 17.6)

Ref.

Ref.

30–34

131

47

35.9 (27.7, 44.1)

0.87 (0.57, 1.35)

0.90 (0.58, 1.41)

15

11.5 (6.0, 16.9)

0.75 (0.40, 1.43)

0.70 (0.36, 1.35)

35–39

59

22

37.3 (24.9, 49.6)

0.88 (0.49, 1.59)

0.90 (0.50, 1.63)

5

8.5 (1.4, 15.6)

0.54 (0.20, 1.46)

0.50 (0.18, 1.37)

Maternal education #

         

Primary school/unschooled

121

40

33.1 (24.7, 41.4)

1.07 (0.65, 1.76)

0.89 (0.51, 1.56)

32

26.4 (18.6, 34.3)

3.35 (1.78, 6.30)

2.76 (1.35, 5.63)

Junior school

337

125

37.1 (31.9, 42.2)

1.06 (0.74, 1.52)

0.93 (0.62, 1.39)

57

16.9 (12.9, 20.9)

1.89 (1.10, 3.24)

1.66 (0.93, 2.99)

High school

231

90

39.0 (32.7, 45.2)

Ref.

Ref.

23

10.0 (6.1, 13.8)

Ref.

Ref.

More than high school

131

50

38.2 (29.8, 46.5)

0.95 (0.60, 1.50)

0.97 (0.61, 1.54)

12

9.2 (4.2, 14.1)

0.89 (0.42, 1.91)

0.97 (0.45, 2.09)

  1. *Rate is the number of death per 100 fetus and neonates with omphalocele from 28 weeks of gestations to the first 7 days of life.
  2. †ORs were adjusted by geographical location, maternal residence, maternal age, and maternal education.
  3. $Two cases with unregistered maternal age were excluded in this analysis. Group of <20 years was combined into group of 20–24 years and group of ≥40 years was also combined into group of 35–39 years because of the small number of cases in these groups.
  4. #Seven cases with unknown maternal education were excluded in this analysis.
  5. COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference group.
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